{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:12:42Z","timestamp":1787069562862,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52479037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52479037"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012549","name":"Heilongjiang Youth Development Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JQ 2023E001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JQ 2023E001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012549","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015809","name":"Ministry of Natural Resources of the People's Republic of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100016339","name":"Chang'an University Key Laboratory of Degraded and Unused Land Consolidation Engineering Ministry of Land and Resources","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SXDJ2024-09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SXDJ2024-09"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100016339","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environmental Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124587","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T15:13:25Z","timestamp":1776957205000},"page":"124587","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Lead remediation in contaminated soils using magnetic biochar hydrogel beads via swelling\u2013driven hydraulic gradients and Fe3+\u2013mediated acidification"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"301","author":[{"given":"Xiaohu","family":"Fan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fuxiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guorui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaolong","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongliang","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zulin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2567-8999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Song","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124587_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1002\/pi.2943","article-title":"Relationship between the molecular structure of alginates and their gelation in acidic conditions","volume":"59","author":"Andriamanantoanina","year":"2010","journal-title":"Polym. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124587_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2013.12.018","article-title":"Remediation of heavy metal(loid)s contaminated soils \u2013 to mobilize or to immobilize?","volume":"266","author":"Bolan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hazard Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124587_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2024.117661","article-title":"Differentiated effects and mechanisms of N-, P-, S-, and Fe-modified biochar materials for remediating Cd- and Pb-contaminated calcareous soil","volume":"289","author":"Bostani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124587_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2024.161511","article-title":"The adsorption and separation of tungsten and molybdenum by chitosan and chitosan-D301: experiments and DFT theoretical calculation","volume":"681","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124587_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.125498","article-title":"Synthesis of magnetic sodium lignosulfonate hydrogel (Fe3O4@LS) and its adsorption behavior for Cd2+ in wastewater","volume":"245","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124587_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2024.122972","article-title":"Sheet-laminated additive manufacturing of bacterial cellulose nanofiber-reinforced hydrogels","volume":"349","author":"Choi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124587_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1007\/s44246-025-00225-5","article-title":"Compositional evolution of dissolved organic matter mobilized by straw incorporation and its climate-driven interactions with lead in cold-region Black soil: decoding mechanisms through PARAFAC and complexation modeling","volume":"4","author":"Cui","year":"2025","journal-title":"Carbon Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124587_bib8","article-title":"Heavy metals in reservoirs: pollution characteristics, remediation technologies, and future prospects","volume":"1","author":"Cui","year":"2025","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124587_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2022.128576","article-title":"Rapid one-step preparation of a carboxymethyl chitosan gel with a novel crosslinker for efficient adsorption of Sr2+","volume":"641","author":"Ding","year":"2022","journal-title":"Colloids Surf., A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124587_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.136225","article-title":"Biochar effectively remediates Cd contamination in acidic or coarse-and medium-textured soils: a global meta-analysis","volume":"442","author":"El-Naggar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124587_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2931","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b05281","article-title":"Effect of organic matter on sorption of Zn on soil: elucidation by Wien effect measurements and EXAFS spectroscopy","volume":"50","author":"Fan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124587_bib12","volume":"485","author":"Fang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124587_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.138921","article-title":"Specific chemical adsorption of selected divalent heavy metal ions onto hydrous \u03b3-Fe2O3-biochar from dilute aqueous solutions with pH as a master variable","volume":"451","author":"Feng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124587_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2022.128606","article-title":"3D ZnO modified biochar-based hydrogels for removing U(VI) in aqueous solution","volume":"642","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Colloids Surf., A"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124587_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cherd.2012.08.014","article-title":"Controlled drug release via minimization of burst release in pH-response kappa-carrageenan\/polyvinyl alcohol hydrogels","volume":"91","author":"Hezaveh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Res. Des."},{"issue":"6744","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124587_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adr5214","article-title":"Global soil pollution by toxic metals threatens agriculture and human health","volume":"388","author":"Hou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124587_bib17","first-page":"1596","article-title":"Effects of soil particle size on the adsorption, distribution, and migration behaviors of heavy metal (Loid) s in soil: a review","volume":"22","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Sci-proc Imp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124587_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cherd.2025.11.029","article-title":"Magnetic biochar loaded with \u03b2-cyclodextrin for the removal of tetracycline and Pb(II) from aqueous solutions: performance and mechanism","volume":"224","author":"Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Res. Des."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124587_bib19","first-page":"771","article-title":"A tough injectable self\u2010setting cement\u2010based hydrogel for noninvasive bone augmentation","volume":"2","author":"Jin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Interdiscip. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124587_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2025.132563","article-title":"Electrochemical activation of alum sludge for the adsorption of lead (Pb(II)) and arsenic (As): mechanistic insights and machine learning (ML) analysis","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124587_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.127664","article-title":"A holistic approach to remediation of soil contaminated with Cu, Pb and Zn with sewage sludge-derived washing agents and synthetic chelator","volume":"311","author":"Klik","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124587_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.125117","article-title":"Biochar-microbe-hydrogel with cyclic hydraulic leaching establishing niches for integrated soil-groundwater bioremediation","volume":"290","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124587_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.154196","article-title":"Efficient removal of lead from polluted paddy soil by one-pot synthesized Nano-Fe3O4 incorporated stable lignin hydrogel","volume":"496","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124587_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.145971","article-title":"Adsorption mechanism of Cu(II) and Pb(II) by starch biochar co-modified with plant extract and chitosan","volume":"320","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124587_bib25","article-title":"Performance and mechanism of magnetisable-Fe2O3@biochar hydrogel for the removal of organic dyes containing Cr6+ from wastewater","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124587_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1071\/SR99128","article-title":"A bioavailability-based rationale for controlling metal and metalloid contamination of agricultural land in Australia and New Zealand","volume":"38","author":"McLaughlin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Aust. J. Soil Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124587_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2023.171153","article-title":"Coordination chemistry-assisted ecofriendly preparation of Fe2O3 nanoparticles embedded in hierarchical carbon for improved lithium storage","volume":"962","author":"Pan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124587_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2020.117520","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of xylan-gelatin cross-linked reusable hydrogel for the adsorption of methylene blue","volume":"256","author":"Seera","year":"2021","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124587_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2014.09.007","article-title":"Partitioning of trace elements in contaminated estuarine sediments: the role of environmental settings","volume":"110","author":"Shaike","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124587_bib30","article-title":"Enhanced performance of calcium alginate-modified ferrous sulfide on the adsorption of Pb, Zn, and Cd: adsorption mechanism and stability of the adsorption products","author":"Shi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124587_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.123345","article-title":"Novel biochar-filled hydrogel composites: assessment of multifunctionality and potential in environmental applications","volume":"371","author":"Siryk","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124587_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00260817","article-title":"Aspects of the physical environment of soil organisms","volume":"6","author":"Smiles","year":"1988","journal-title":"Biol. Fertil. Soils"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124587_bib33","article-title":"ZIF-8 derived ZnS decorated electrospun TiO2 nanofibers for highly efficient photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI)","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124587_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2024.125042","article-title":"Design of recoverable biochar\/alginate gel and its removal performance for Pb(II) in water: simulation and experiment","volume":"405","author":"Tao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124587_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2023.121748","article-title":"Formation of pH-responsive hydrogel beads and their gel properties: soybean protein nanofibers and sodium alginate","volume":"329","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124587_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2024.143622","article-title":"Preparation, characterization, and mechanism of swelling and Cu2+ adsorption by alginate-based beads enhanced with Huangshui polysaccharides","volume":"475","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124587_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.146593","article-title":"Synthesis of carboxymethyl cellulose-based superabsorbent hydrogel-biochar composite as an eco-friendly water retention agent for soil moisture management","volume":"322","author":"Ye","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124587_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1007\/s42773-025-00522-7","article-title":"Binding mechanisms of Pb(II) adsorption by biochar-derived dissolved organic matter: unraveling site heterogeneity and kinetics through advanced spectral analysis","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biochar"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124587_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.168387","article-title":"Mitigation of the mobilization and accumulation of toxic metal (loid) s in ryegrass using sodium sulfide","volume":"909","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124587_bib40","article-title":"Nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots modified dual-vacancy Z-scheme CuFe2O4\/g-C3N4 photocatalyst synergistic with Fenton technique for photothermal degradation of antibiotics","volume":"497","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124587_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2023.121534","article-title":"Tailoring hierarchical nanostructures of tannin acid\/alginate beads for straightforward selective recovery of high-purity Au(0) from aqueous solution","volume":"324","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124587_bib42","article-title":"Microbial investigations of new hydrogel-biochar composites as soil amendments for simultaneous nitrogen-use improvement and heavy metal immobilization","volume":"424","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124587_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2024.110368","article-title":"Chitosan\/Oxidized sodium alginate\/Ca2+ hydrogels: synthesis, characterization and adsorption properties","volume":"156","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"issue":"37","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124587_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33620","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5c11936","article-title":"Tailoring multiple functional domains of lithium-ion sieves for sustainable lithium extraction from low-quality brines","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124587_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.120297","article-title":"Highly effective lead (II) removal by sustainable alkaline activated \u03b2-lactoglobulin nanofibrils from whey protein","volume":"255","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124587_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2024.126898","article-title":"Self-powered Pb(II) removal driven by Zn-air batteries using N, P-doped active straw carbon as cathode","volume":"341","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124587_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.120022","article-title":"Magnetic anaerobic granular sludge for sequestration and immobilization of Pb","volume":"239","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Water Res."}],"container-title":["Environmental Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0013935126009187?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0013935126009187?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T20:33:33Z","timestamp":1783110813000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0013935126009187"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":47,"alternative-id":["S0013935126009187"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124587","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-9351"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-9351","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Lead remediation in contaminated soils using magnetic biochar hydrogel beads via swelling\u2013driven hydraulic gradients and Fe3+\u2013mediated acidification","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Environmental Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124587","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"124587"}}