{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T13:13:54Z","timestamp":1783775634450,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002809","name":"Generalitat de Catalunya","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["874583"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["874583"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003506","name":"Helse- og Omsorgsdepartementet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003506","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004965","name":"Sixth Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004965","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020666","name":"Directorate-General for Environment","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020666","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100031692","name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100031692","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005752","name":"Mokslo, Inovaciju ir Technologiju Agentura","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005752","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017488","name":"Utdannings- og forskningsdepartementet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017488","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000269","name":"Economic and Social Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/N024397\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/N024397\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011102","name":"Seventh Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["308333"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["308333"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011102","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011102","name":"Seventh Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["211250"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["211250"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011102","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008458","name":"Comissi\u00f3 Interdepartamental de Recerca i Innovaci\u00f3 Tecnol\u00f2gica","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008458","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006939","name":"Emory University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006939","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environmental Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124892","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T06:43:22Z","timestamp":1780037002000},"page":"124892","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"P1","title":["Childhood outdoor air pollution exposure across multiple microenvironments and metabolic syndrome: A HELIX cohort analysis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"305","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3982-4918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne","family":"van Rooijen Korving","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2991-4028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Parisa","family":"Montazeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3682-7117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L\u00e9a","family":"Maitre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Marquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose","family":"Urquiza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4097-7038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuria","family":"G\u00fcil-Oumrait","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9275-7101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f2nia","family":"Valent\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0210-8053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Regina","family":"Grazuleviciene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6716-5921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristine Bjerve","family":"G\u00fctzkow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8907-197X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johanna","family":"Lepeule","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1302-6675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosemary R.C.","family":"McEachan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0095-6825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bente","family":"Oftedal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0841-2953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Euripides G.","family":"Stephanou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0004-919X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7472-5042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wen Lun","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7090-1758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martine","family":"Vrijheid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124892_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2014.130","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome in young children: definitions and results of the IDEFICS study","volume":"38","author":"Ahrens","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124892_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2543","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980019001058","article-title":"An update of the KIDMED questionnaire, a Mediterranean diet quality index in children and adolescents","volume":"22","author":"Altavilla","year":"2019","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124892_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.05.051","article-title":"Sources of indoor and outdoor PM2.5 concentrations in primary schools","volume":"490","author":"Amato","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124892_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.09.005","article-title":"Duration of fasting, serum lipids, and metabolic profile in early childhood","volume":"180","author":"Anderson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124892_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2013.02.037","article-title":"Development of NO2 and NOx land use regression models for estimating air pollution exposure in 36 study areas in Europe \u2013 the ESCAPE project","volume":"72","author":"Beelen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124892_bib6","series-title":"Regression diagnostics: identifying influential data and sources of collinearity","author":"Belsley","year":"2026"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124892_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.104991","article-title":"Green space, air pollution, traffic noise and cardiometabolic health in adolescents: the PIAMA birth cohort","volume":"131","author":"Bloemsma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124892_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e800","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.052666","article-title":"Taking a stand against air pollution\u2014the impact on cardiovascular disease","volume":"143","author":"Brauer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124892_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP181","article-title":"Prenatal air pollution exposures, DNA methyl transferase genotypes, and associations with newborn LINE1 and Alu methylation and childhood blood pressure and carotid intima-media thickness in the children's health study","volume":"124","author":"Breton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124892_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2021-051484","article-title":"Ambient air pollution: health hazards to children","volume":"147","author":"Brumberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124892_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v045.i03","article-title":"Mice: multivariate imputation by chained equations in R","volume":"45","author":"Buuren","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Stat. Software"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124892_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyx084","article-title":"Cohort profile: the mother-child Cohort in Crete, Greece (Rhea study)","volume":"46","author":"Chatzi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124892_bib14","article-title":"Burden of cardiovascular disease attributable to metabolic risks in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021","volume":"23","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Heart J - Qual Care Clin Outcomes"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124892_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-024-02072-0","article-title":"Associations between exposure to various air pollutants and risk of metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"97","author":"Dai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124892_bib8","author":"de Bont"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124892_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.07.036","article-title":"Spatial PM2.5, NO2, O3 and BC models for Western Europe \u2013 evaluation of spatiotemporal stability","volume":"120","author":"de Hoogh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124892_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2012.12.032","article-title":"Improving estimates of air pollution exposure through ubiquitous sensing technologies","volume":"176","author":"de Nazelle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124892_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2745","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-015-3759-5","article-title":"Severity of the metabolic syndrome as a predictor of type 2 diabetes between childhood and adulthood: the princeton lipid research cohort study","volume":"58","author":"DeBoer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124892_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181cc86e8","article-title":"Protecting human health from air pollution: shifting from a single-pollutant to a multi-pollutant approach","volume":"21","author":"Dominici","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epidemiol Camb Mass"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124892_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118174","article-title":"Childhood exposure to outdoor air pollution in different microenvironments and cognitive and fine motor function in children from six European cohorts","volume":"247","author":"Dom\u00ednguez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124892_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11195","DOI":"10.1021\/es301948k","article-title":"Development of land use regression models for PM2.5, PM2.5 absorbance, PM10 and PMcoarse in 20 European study areas; results of the ESCAPE project","volume":"46","author":"Eeftens","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124892_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2840-7-17","article-title":"On the use of a continuous metabolic syndrome score in pediatric research","volume":"7","author":"Eisenmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124892_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0130337","article-title":"Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and metabolic syndrome in adults","volume":"10","author":"Eze","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124892_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metip.2023.100120","article-title":"Use and misuse of corrections for multiple testing","volume":"8","author":"Garc\u00eda-P\u00e9rez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Methods Psychol."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124892_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13195880","article-title":"A systematic review of metabolic syndrome: key correlated pathologies and non-invasive diagnostic approaches","volume":"13","author":"Giangregorio","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124892_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.12040","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to chemical mixtures and metabolic syndrome risk in children","volume":"7","author":"G\u00fcil-Oumrait","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124892_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612822666151109111712","article-title":"Air pollution exposure and blood pressure: an updated review of the literature","volume":"22","author":"Giorgini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124892_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph6031282","article-title":"Maternal Smoking,GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphism and susceptibility to adverse pregnancy outcomes","volume":"6","author":"Grazuleviciene","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124892_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyr054","article-title":"Cohort profile: the INMA\u2014Infancia y medio Ambiente\u2014(Environment and childhood) project","volume":"41","author":"Guxens","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124892_bib28","article-title":"Atmospheric elemental carbon pollution and its regional health disparities in China","volume":"18","author":"Hang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ Res Lett ERL Web Site"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124892_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv151","article-title":"Cohort profile: the EDEN mother-child cohort on the prenatal and early postnatal determinants of child health and development","volume":"45","author":"Heude","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124892_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.120991","article-title":"Characteristics of peak exposure to black carbon pollution in school, commute and home environments among school children in an urban community","volume":"319","author":"Jung","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124892_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2021.113719","article-title":"Impact of short- and long-term exposure to air pollution on blood pressure: a two-decade population-based study in Tehran","volume":"234","author":"Khajavi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg Environ. Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124892_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s40200-020-00717-8","article-title":"The dynamics of metabolic syndrome development from its isolated components among Iranian adults: findings from 17 years of the Tehran lipid and glucose study (TLGS)","volume":"20","author":"Khalili","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Metab. Disord."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124892_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1007\/s40200-021-00771-w","article-title":"Validity of continuous metabolic syndrome score for predicting metabolic syndrome; a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Khazdouz","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Metab. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124892_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.09.062","article-title":"Air pollution-derived PM2.5 impairs mitochondrial function in healthy and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseased human bronchial epithelial cells","volume":"243","author":"Leclercq","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124892_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lelieveld J, Pozzer A, Munzel T. Loss of Life Expectancy from Air Pollution Compared to Other Risk Factors: a Worldwide Perspective | Cardiovascular Research | Oxford Academic [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2025 May 19]. Available from: https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cardiovascres\/article\/116\/11\/1910\/5770885.","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvaa025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124892_bib37","series-title":"Air Pollution Deaths Attributable to Fossil Fuels: Observational and Modelling Study","author":"Lelieveld","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124892_bib38","first-page":"93","article-title":"Ambient air pollution and infant health: a narrative review","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124892_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Little R, Rubin D. Statistical Analysis with Missing Data, third ed. [Internet]. 1st ed. Wiley; 2019 [cited 2025 May 21]. (Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics). Available from: https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/book\/10.1002\/9781119482260 doi:10.1002\/9781119482260.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119482260"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124892_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2024.108852","article-title":"Longitudinal associations of air pollution and green space with cardiometabolic risk factor clustering among children in the Netherlands","volume":"190","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124892_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyw029","article-title":"Cohort profile update: the Norwegian mother and child cohort study (MoBa)","volume":"45","author":"Magnus","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124892_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-021311","article-title":"Human early life exposome (HELIX) study: a European population-based exposome cohort","volume":"8","author":"Maitre","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124892_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1472996","article-title":"Effect of air pollution on the global burden of cardiovascular diseases and forecasting future trends of the related metrics: a systematic analysis from the global burden of disease study 2021","volume":"11","author":"Mao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124892_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyae037","article-title":"Cohort profile update: born in Bradford","volume":"53","author":"McEachan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"10258","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124892_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30752-2","article-title":"Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019","volume":"396","author":"Murray","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124892_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2977","DOI":"10.1021\/es505362x","article-title":"Variability in and agreement between modeled and personal continuously measured black carbon levels using novel smartphone and sensor technologies","volume":"49","author":"Nieuwenhuijsen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124892_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2022.109924","article-title":"Geographic distribution of metabolic syndrome and its components in the general adult population: a meta-analysis of global data from 28 million individuals","volume":"188","author":"Noubiap","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124892_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(21)00374-6","article-title":"Global, regional, and country estimates of metabolic syndrome burden in children and adolescents in 2020: a systematic review and modelling analysis","volume":"6","author":"Noubiap","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124892_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111710","article-title":"A comparison of associations with childhood lung function between air pollution exposure assessment methods with and without accounting for time-activity patterns","volume":"202","author":"Ntarladima","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124892_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(13)70192-9","article-title":"Ambient air pollution and low birthweight: a European cohort study (ESCAPE)","volume":"1","author":"Pedersen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124892_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1038\/jes.2014.83","article-title":"The relevance of commuter and work\/school exposure in an epidemiological study on traffic-related air pollution","volume":"25","author":"Ragettli","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124892_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-020-00713-1","article-title":"The prevalence of pediatric metabolic syndrome\u2014a critical look on the discrepancies between definitions and its clinical importance","volume":"45","author":"Reisinger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124892_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robinson O, Tamayo I, Basaga\u00f1a. The urban exposome during pregnancy and its socioeconomic determinants | Environ. Health Perspect. | Vol. 126, No. 7 [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2025 Jun 1]. Available from: https:\/\/ehp.niehs.nih.gov\/doi\/10.1289\/EHP2862,.","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP2862"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124892_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-018-0812-z","article-title":"The global epidemic of the metabolic syndrome","volume":"20","author":"Saklayen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Hypertens. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124892_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2022.113893","article-title":"Exposure to outdoor and indoor air pollution and risk of overweight and obesity across different life periods: a review","volume":"242","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124892_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-0844","article-title":"Fasting might not be necessary before lipid screening: a nationally representative cross-sectional study","volume":"128","author":"Steiner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124892_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-21-0238","article-title":"The metabolic syndrome in pediatrics: do we have a reliable definition? A systematic review","volume":"185","author":"Tropeano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124892_bib60","article-title":"Association between exposure to air pollution and blood lipids in the general population of Spain - vald\u00e9s - 2024","volume":"54","author":"Vald\u00e9s","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eup. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124892_bib61","first-page":"1","article-title":"Development and child health in a world of synthetic chemicals","volume":"14","author":"Wager","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124892_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.06.069","article-title":"Early-life environmental exposures and blood pressure in children","volume":"74","author":"Warembourg","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124892_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109527","article-title":"Ambient air pollution and childhood obesity from infancy to late childhood: an individual participant data meta-analysis of 10 European birth cohorts","volume":"200","author":"Warkentin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124892_bib64","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Ambient (outdoor) air pollution [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2025 May 14]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/ambient-(outdoor)-air-quality-and-health."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124892_bib65","unstructured":"World Health Organization. What are the WHO air quality guidelines? [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2025 Jun 7]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/feature-stories\/detail\/what-are-the-who-air-quality-guidelines."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124892_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.124510","article-title":"Short-term effects of ambient particulate matter on blood pressure among children and adolescents:a cross-sectional study in a city of Yangtze River delta, China","volume":"237","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124892_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-021-00378-6","article-title":"Traffic-related air pollution, biomarkers of metabolic dysfunction, oxidative stress, and CC16 in children","volume":"32","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124892_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106383","article-title":"Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents: a national cross-sectional study in China","volume":"148","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124892_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.04.036","article-title":"Exposure to ambient particulate matter air pollution, blood pressure and hypertension in children and adolescents: a national cross-sectional study in China","volume":"128","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124892_bib70","unstructured":"Zimmet P, Alberti G, Kaufman F. The metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents - an IDF consensus report - PubMed [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2025 May 21]. Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/17850473\/."}],"container-title":["Environmental Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0013935126012235?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0013935126012235?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T12:57:50Z","timestamp":1783774670000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0013935126012235"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":69,"alternative-id":["S0013935126012235"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124892","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-9351"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-9351","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Childhood outdoor air pollution exposure across multiple microenvironments and metabolic syndrome: A HELIX cohort analysis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Environmental Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124892","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"124892"}}