{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T20:57:16Z","timestamp":1792616236587,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005090","name":"Beijing Nova Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20240484634"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20240484634"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005090","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52461160299"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52461160299"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environmental Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.125857","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T23:31:30Z","timestamp":1791243090000},"page":"125857","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"P2","title":["Process intensification of partial denitrification promotes structural reorganization and enhancement of HAP-coupled granular sludge"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"309","author":[{"given":"Yu","family":"Lan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shenbin","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanling","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingjie","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"6\u20137","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.125857_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2007.10.013","article-title":"Extracellular polymeric substances and structural stability of aerobic granule","volume":"42","author":"Adav","year":"2008","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.125857_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114952","article-title":"Solubilization and characterization of extracellular proteins from anammox granular sludge","volume":"164","author":"Boleij","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"30","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.125857_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33465","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c05035","article-title":"Thermal oxide layer enhances crystallinity and mechanical properties for plasma-sprayed hydroxyapatite biomedical coatings","volume":"12","author":"Bose","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.125857_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.129064","article-title":"Microbial succession and operational strategies unlocking high-rate performance in IC-Anammox-HAP granular system","volume":"402","author":"Cao","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.125857_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-007-1085-7","article-title":"Structure and stability of aerobic granules cultivated under different shear force in sequencing batch reactors","volume":"76","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.125857_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4863","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.3c00811","article-title":"Architecture, function, regulation, and evolution of \u03b1-Glucans metabolic enzymes in prokaryotes","volume":"124","author":"Cifuente","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.125857_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.105001","article-title":"Partial denitrification providing nitrite: opportunities of extending application for anammox","volume":"131","author":"Du","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.125857_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/wer.10727","article-title":"Full\u2010scale transition from denitrification to partial denitrification - Anammox (PdNA) in deep\u2010bed filters: operational strategies for and benefits of PdNA implementation","volume":"94","author":"Fofana","year":"2022","journal-title":"Water Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.125857_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.136458","article-title":"Response of aerobic granular sludge to loading shock: performance and proteomic study","volume":"444","author":"Geng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.125857_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117217","article-title":"Achieving superior nitrogen removal performance in low-strength ammonium wastewater treatment by cultivating concentrated, highly dispersive, and easily settleable granule sludge in a one-stage partial nitritation\/anammox-HAP reactor","volume":"200","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"34","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.125857_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6818","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2005.04.060","article-title":"Surface charge and the effect of excess calcium ions on the hydroxyapatite surface","volume":"26","author":"Harding","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.125857_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2025.133353","article-title":"Comprehensive review of constructed wetlands implemented with advanced biotechnologies for carbon-neutral treatment of urban wastewater: enhanced removal of nitrogen and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions","volume":"439","author":"Jiao","year":"2026","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.125857_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2019.100785","article-title":"Comparison of physical characteristics and dewatering behaviour between granular and floccular sludges generated from the same sewage source","volume":"29","author":"Krysiak-Baltyn","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Water Process Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.125857_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1857","article-title":"Anammox bacteria: from discovery to application","volume":"6","author":"Kuenen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.125857_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/wer.10711","article-title":"Partial denitrification\u2013anammox (PdNA) application in mainstream IFAS configuration using raw fermentate as carbon source","volume":"94","author":"Ladipo Obasa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Water Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.125857_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2023.145428","article-title":"Simultaneous nitrite production and phosphorus removal by partial denitrification-hydroxyapatite (PD-HAP) coupled process from high-nitrate wastewater","volume":"474","author":"Lan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.125857_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125418","article-title":"Transient calcium crusts in PD-HAP granules: mechanisms and self-regulatory recovery","volume":"293","author":"Lan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.125857_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2006.06.037","article-title":"Influence of loosely bound extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) on the flocculation, sedimentation and dewaterability of activated sludge","volume":"41","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.125857_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.112780","article-title":"Aggregation performance and adhesion behavior of microbes in response to feast\/famine condition: rapid granulation of aerobic granular sludge","volume":"208","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.125857_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.117649","article-title":"The effect of urbanization on environmental pollution in rapidly developing urban agglomerations","volume":"237","author":"Liang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.125857_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2024.131091","article-title":"Enhanced sludge granulation and stable performance of an anammox expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactor through the utilization of hydroxyapatite (HAP) particles","volume":"406","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.125857_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2019.121779","article-title":"Process optimization of anammox-driven hydroxyapatite crystallization for simultaneous nitrogen removal and phosphorus recovery","volume":"290","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.125857_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2022.127319","article-title":"Biologically induced phosphate precipitation in heterotrophic nitrification processes of different microbial aggregates: influences of nitrogen removal metabolisms and extracellular polymeric substances","volume":"356","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.125857_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.114589","article-title":"Role of cycle duration on the formation of quinoline-degraded aerobic granules in the aspect of sludge characteristics, extracellular polymeric substances and microbial communities","volume":"216","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.125857_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)52451-6","article-title":"Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent","volume":"193","author":"Lowry","year":"1951","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.125857_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-018-0187-9","article-title":"Wastewater treatment for carbon capture and utilization","volume":"1","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Sustain."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.125857_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8405","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b01866","article-title":"Achieving mainstream nitrogen removal through coupling anammox with denitratation","volume":"51","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.125857_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115510","article-title":"Simultaneous nitrogen removal and phosphorus recovery using an anammox expanded reactor operated at 25\u00b0C","volume":"172","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.125857_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.130636","article-title":"Efficient phosphorus recovery by enhanced hydroxyapatite formation in a high loading anammox expanded bed reactor at 15\u00b0C","volume":"425","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.125857_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2018.07.044","article-title":"A new process for simultaneous nitrogen removal and phosphorus recovery using an anammox expanded bed reactor","volume":"267","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.125857_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.150537","article-title":"Interactions and coupling mechanisms between Anammox, partial denitrification (PD) and hydroxyapatite (HAP) biomineralization in a PD\/A-HAP system","volume":"487","author":"Mo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.125857_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S1385-8947(03)00044-5","article-title":"A thermochemical approach for calcium phosphate precipitation modeling in a pellet reactor","volume":"94","author":"Montastruc","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.125857_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2017.05.206","article-title":"Rapid start-up of denitrifying granular sludge by dosing with semi-starvation fluctuation C\/N ratio strategy","volume":"241","author":"Niu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.125857_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2007.01.031","article-title":"Characterization of activated sludge exocellular polymers using several cation-associated extraction methods","volume":"41","author":"Park","year":"2007","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.125857_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2008.04.015","article-title":"Calcium spatial distribution in aerobic granules and its effects on granule structure, strength and bioactivity","volume":"42","author":"Ren","year":"2008","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.125857_bib36","series-title":"Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater","author":"Rice","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.125857_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117764","article-title":"Architecture of HAP-anammox granules contributed to high capacity and robustness of nitrogen removal under 7\u00b0C","volume":"206","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"28","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.125857_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10242","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c00596","article-title":"Anammox-mediated hydroxyapatite granules: physicochemical properties, 3D hierarchy, and biofilm thickness","volume":"57","author":"Song","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.125857_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115632","article-title":"Quantitative determination of cavitation formation and sludge flotation in Anammox granules by using a new diffusion-reaction integrated mathematical model","volume":"174","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.125857_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2019.02.047","article-title":"Effects of beneficial microorganisms on nutrient removal and excess sludge production in an anaerobic-anoxic\/oxic (A2O) process for municipal wastewater treatment","volume":"281","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.125857_bib41","article-title":"Synergistic simultaneous nitrification-endogenous denitrification and EBPR for advanced nitrogen and phosphorus removal in constructed wetlands","volume":"420","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.125857_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124858","article-title":"Promote heterogeneous nucleation of struvite in livestock wastewater by regulating the surface properties of suspended particles with ultrasound-assisted pretreatment","volume":"289","author":"Xing","year":"2026","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.125857_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.137470","article-title":"Insights into the enhanced effect of low-intensity ultrasound on anammox granular sludge by relieving the embolism","volume":"446","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.125857_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.116861","article-title":"Formation mechanism of hydroxyapatite encapsulation in Anammox-HAP coupled granular sludge","volume":"193","author":"Xue","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.125857_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124567","article-title":"Crystal seed-augmented microporous cathode design for enhanced phosphorus crystallization and energy-efficient recovery","volume":"288","author":"Yang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.125857_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-011-3660-1","article-title":"Reactivation characteristics of stored aerobic granular sludge using different operational strategies","volume":"94","author":"Yuan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."}],"container-title":["Environmental Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0013935126021882?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0013935126021882?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T20:29:36Z","timestamp":1792614576000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0013935126021882"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"references-count":46,"alternative-id":["S0013935126021882"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2026.125857","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-9351"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-9351","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Process intensification of partial denitrification promotes structural reorganization and enhancement of HAP-coupled granular sludge","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Environmental Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2026.125857","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"125857"}}