{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T10:22:52Z","timestamp":1792318972108,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767657600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Federal Ministry of Education and Research Bonn Office","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["031L0299J"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["031L0299J"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epidemics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100886","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T16:23:57Z","timestamp":1767889437000},"page":"100886","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Social contact patterns derived from an epidemiological survey and GPS-based co-location data \u2013 A systematic comparison using parallel data collections during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Huynh","family":"Thi Phuong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4154-4624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janik","family":"Suer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vitaly","family":"Belik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandra","family":"Rinc\u00f3n Hidalgo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0949-6674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej K.","family":"Jarynowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Pastor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2384-894X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven","family":"Schulz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7016-1668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashish","family":"Thampi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1290-7860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chao","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8911-119X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marlli","family":"Zambrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Mikolajczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Karch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6913-0976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veronika K.","family":"Jaeger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100886_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0279484","article-title":"Correlations of mobility and Covid-19 transmission in global data","volume":"18","author":"Bergman","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100886_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-025-04211-x","article-title":"Dynamics of contact behaviour by self-reported COVID-19 vaccination and infection status during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany: an analysis of two large population-based studies","volume":"23","author":"B\u00f6ff","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100886_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-019-0841-2","article-title":"Combining sensor tracking with a GPS-based mobility survey to better measure physical activity in trips: public transport generates walking","volume":"16","author":"Chaix","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100886_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgad302","article-title":"The limits of human mobility traces to predict the spread of COVID-19: A transfer entropy approach","volume":"2","author":"Delussu","year":"2023","journal-title":"PNAS Nexus"},{"issue":"2224","key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100886_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2021.0160","article-title":"Optimal control of epidemic spreading in the presence of social heterogeneity","volume":"380","author":"Dimarco","year":"2022","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100886_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1002\/oca.3029","article-title":"On the optimal control of kinetic epidemic models with uncertain social features","volume":"45","author":"Franceschi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Optim. Control Appl. Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100886_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4961","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18190-5","article-title":"The use of mobile phone data to inform analysis of COVID-19 pandemic epidemiology","volume":"11","author":"Grantz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100886_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-021-01079-8","article-title":"A global panel database of pandemic policies (Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker)","volume":"5","author":"Hale","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100886_bib9","unstructured":"Healthcare data platform (infas360) [Internet]. [cited 2024 Jun 18]. Available from: \u3008https:\/\/www.healthcare-datenplattform.de\/dataset\/massnahmenindex_bundeslaender_pro_tag\u3009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100886_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-9-5","article-title":"Mining social mixing patterns for infectious disease models based on a two-day population survey in Belgium","volume":"9","author":"Hens","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100886_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-022-07917-y","article-title":"Exploring human mixing patterns based on time use and social contact data and their implications for infectious disease transmission models","volume":"22","author":"Hoang","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100886_bib12","first-page":"1","article-title":"Tracking real-time proximity in daily life: a new tool to examine social interactions","author":"Janssen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100886_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1093\/poq\/nfac042","article-title":"Varieties of mobility measures: comparing survey and mobile phone data during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"86","author":"Kalleitner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Public Opin. Q."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100886_bib14","series-title":"Statistical Analysis of Network Data","author":"Kolaczyk","year":"2009"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100886_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-023-08369-8","article-title":"How contact patterns during the COVID-19 pandemic are related to pre-pandemic contact patterns and mobility trends","volume":"23","author":"Lajot","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100886_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050074","article-title":"Social contacts and mixing patterns relevant to the spread of infectious diseases","volume":"5","author":"Mossong","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100886_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.70294","article-title":"Social contact patterns and implications for infectious disease transmission - a systematic review and meta-analysis of contact surveys","volume":"10","author":"Mousa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Elife"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100886_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21358-2","article-title":"Reduction in mobility and COVID-19 transmission","volume":"12","author":"Nouvellet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100886_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-025-10917-3","article-title":"Changes in social contact patterns in Germany during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic\u2013an analysis based on the COVIMOD study","volume":"25","author":"Phuong","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100886_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1005697","article-title":"Projecting social contact matrices in 152 countries using contact surveys and demographic data","volume":"13","author":"Prem","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100886_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/38170","article-title":"Comparing contact tracing through bluetooth and GPS surveillance data: simulation-driven approach","volume":"26","author":"Qian","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Med Internet Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100886_bib22","unstructured":"R Core Team(2023). _R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing_. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria [Internet]. [cited 2024 Jun 14]. Available from: \u3008https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/\u3009."},{"issue":"31","key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100886_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2026731118","article-title":"Predicting the SARS-CoV-2 effective reproduction number using bulk contact data from mobile phones","volume":"118","author":"R\u00fcdiger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"issue":"84","key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100886_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2013.0246","article-title":"Unravelling daily human mobility motifs","volume":"10","author":"Schneider","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100886_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268811001130","article-title":"Collecting close-contact social mixing data with contact diaries: reporting errors and biases","volume":"140","author":"Smieszek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100886_bib26","article-title":"Mobile technology and studies on transport behavior: a literature analysis, integrated research model, and future research agenda","volume":"2021","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mob. Inf. Syst."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100886_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1003716","article-title":"On the use of human mobility proxies for modeling epidemics","volume":"10","author":"Tizzoni","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100886_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-021-02139-6","article-title":"Individual social contact data and population mobility data as early markers of SARS-CoV-2 transmission dynamics during the first wave in Germany-an analysis based on the COVIMOD study","volume":"19","author":"Tomori","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100886_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-021-02133-y","article-title":"SOCRATES-CoMix: a platform for timely and open-source contact mixing data during and in between COVID-19 surges and interventions in over 20 European countries","volume":"19","author":"Verelst","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100886_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1038\/nphys2160","article-title":"Modelling dynamical processes in complex socio-technical systems","volume":"8","author":"Vespignani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Phys."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100886_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-023-08175-2","article-title":"Effect of risk status for severe COVID-19 on individual contact behaviour during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in 2020\/2021\u2014an analysis based on the German COVIMOD study","volume":"23","author":"Walde","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100886_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwj317","article-title":"Using data on social contacts to estimate age-specific transmission parameters for respiratory-spread infectious agents","volume":"164","author":"Wallinga","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100886_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-023-08214-y","article-title":"Social contact patterns during the COVID-19 pandemic in 21 European countries - evidence from a two-year study","volume":"23","author":"Wong","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."}],"container-title":["Epidemics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1755436526000022?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1755436526000022?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T07:23:31Z","timestamp":1779175411000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1755436526000022"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":33,"alternative-id":["S1755436526000022"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100886","relation":{},"ISSN":["1755-4365"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1755-4365","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Social contact patterns derived from an epidemiological survey and GPS-based co-location data \u2013 A systematic comparison using parallel data collections during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Epidemics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100886","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100886"}}