{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T21:04:01Z","timestamp":1789506241205,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INV070408"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV070408"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epidemics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100931","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T15:33:06Z","timestamp":1782919986000},"page":"100931","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["ABC-RF-rejection: A two-stage machine-learning-enhanced framework for efficient likelihood-free inference"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3877-6440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renata","family":"Retkute","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6845-0003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher A.","family":"Gilligan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100931_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e19939","article-title":"Cassava production in Africa: A panel analysis of the drivers and trends","volume":"9","author":"Adebayo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100931_b2","series-title":"A temperature-dependent multi-serotype model for evaluating dengue vector control strategies in Thailand","author":"Aekthong","year":"2026"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100931_b3","unstructured":"Akaike, H., 1973. Information theory and an extension of the maximum likelihood principle. In: Second International Symposium on Information Theory. pp. 267\u2013281."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100931_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.1974.1100705","article-title":"A new look at the statistical model identification","volume":"19","author":"Akaike","year":"1974","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Autom. Control"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100931_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1094\/PD-91-0024","article-title":"Re-emergence of cassava brown streak disease in Uganda","volume":"91","author":"Alicai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Plant Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100931_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-019-0334-9","article-title":"Expansion of the cassava brown streak pandemic in Uganda revealed by annual field survey data for 2004 to 2017","volume":"6","author":"Alicai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100931_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-67451-8","article-title":"Reaching elimination of onchocerciasis transmission with long-term vector control and ivermectin treatment in Togo","volume":"17","author":"Amaral","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100931_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amc.2015.05.141","article-title":"The stochastic SEIR model before extinction: Computational approaches","volume":"265","author":"Artalejo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Math. Comput."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100931_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ecolsys-102209-144621","article-title":"Approximate Bayesian computation in evolution and ecology","volume":"41","author":"Beaumont","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100931_b10","series-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 35","first-page":"33845","article-title":"Robust neural posterior estimation and statistical model criticism","author":"Beaumont","year":"2022"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100931_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-020-0822-z","article-title":"Modeling infectious epidemics","volume":"17","author":"Bj\u00f8rnstad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100931_b12","series-title":"Constrained estimates of 2015\u20132030 total number of people per grid square at a resolution of 3 arc (approximately 100 m at the equator), R2025a version v1","author":"Bondarenko","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100931_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010933404324","article-title":"Random forests","volume":"45","author":"Breiman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mach. Learn."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100931_b14","series-title":"Model Selection and Multimodel Inference: A Practical Information-Theoretic Approach","author":"Burnham","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100931_b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2023.100672","article-title":"A novel method to jointly estimate transmission rate and decay rate parameters in environmental transmission models","volume":"42","author":"Chang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Epidemics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100931_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-018-0406-7","article-title":"From river blindness control to elimination: bridge over troubled water","volume":"7","author":"Colebunders","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Poverty"},{"issue":"48","key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100931_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30055","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1912789117","article-title":"Frontiers of simulation-based inference","volume":"117","author":"Cranmer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100931_b18","series-title":"Leveraging spatial structure to design spatially-targeted malaria interventions at the community-scale","author":"Evans","year":"2026"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100931_b19","series-title":"Handbook of Approximate Bayesian Computation","first-page":"141","article-title":"Asymptotics of ABC","author":"Fearnhead","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100931_b20","series-title":"GADM database of Global Administrative Areas, version 3.6: Uganda - level 1 boundaries","author":"GADM","year":"2018"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100931_b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9991(76)90041-3","article-title":"A general method for numerically simulating the stochastic time evolution of coupled chemical reactions","volume":"22","author":"Gillespie","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Comput. Phys."},{"issue":"25","key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100931_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2340","DOI":"10.1021\/j100540a008","article-title":"Exact stochastic simulation of coupled chemical reactions","volume":"81","author":"Gillespie","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100931_b23","article-title":"Evaluating the effectiveness of carcass removal to mitigate highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks in ground-nesting bird colonies: A modelling approach","volume":"7","author":"Gold","year":"2026","journal-title":"Ecol. Solutions Evid."},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100931_b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2421993122","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of behavioral epidemic models using COVID-19 data","volume":"122","author":"Gozzi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100931_b25","series-title":"Metrics for multi-class classification: An overview","author":"Grandini","year":"2020"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100931_b26","first-page":"702","article-title":"Controlling endemic foot-and-mouth disease: Vaccination is more important than movement bans. A simulation study in the Republic of Turkey","volume":"10","author":"Guyver-Fletcher","year":"2025","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Model."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100931_b27","series-title":"EPIONCHO.IBM: EPIONCHO-IBM; a stochastic, individual-based model of onchocerciasis transmission","author":"Hamley","year":"2026"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100931_b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007557","article-title":"Modelling exposure heterogeneity and density dependence in onchocerciasis using a novel individual-based transmission model, EPIONCHO-IBM: Implications for elimination and data needs","volume":"13","author":"Hamley","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLOS Neglected Trop. Dis."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100931_b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1086\/322789","article-title":"Eliminating onchocerciasis after 14 years of vector control: A proved strategy","volume":"184","author":"Hougard","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100931_b30","first-page":"284","article-title":"Influence of host plant resistance and disease pressure on spread of cassava brown streak disease in Uganda","volume":"7","author":"Katono","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Exp. Agric."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100931_b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v069.i12","article-title":"Statistical inference for partially observed Markov processes via the R package pomp","volume":"69","author":"King","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100931_b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v028.i05","article-title":"Building predictive models in R using the caret package","volume":"28","author":"Kuhn","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100931_b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2337","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1614595114","article-title":"Spatial and temporal dynamics of superspreading events in the 2014\u20132015 West Africa Ebola epidemic","volume":"114","author":"Lau","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100931_b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1005798","article-title":"A mechanistic spatio-temporal framework for modelling individual-to-individual transmission\u2014With an application to the 2014\u20132015 West Africa Ebola outbreak","volume":"13","author":"Lau","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100931_b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2025.100855","article-title":"Advances in approximate Bayesian inference for models in epidemiology","volume":"53","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Epidemics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100931_b36","first-page":"e66","article-title":"Fundamentals and recent developments in approximate Bayesian computation","volume":"66","author":"Lintusaari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Syst. Biol."},{"issue":"26","key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100931_b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15324","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0306899100","article-title":"Markov chain Monte Carlo without likelihoods","volume":"100","author":"Marjoram","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100931_b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0434.2005.00974.x","article-title":"Transmission of cassava brown streak virus by Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius)","volume":"153","author":"Maruthi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Phytopath."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100931_b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1111\/ppa.12453","article-title":"Cassava brown streak disease and the sustainability of a clean seed system","volume":"65","author":"McQuaid","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plant Pathol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100931_b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1005654","article-title":"Spatial dynamics and control of a crop pathogen with mixed-mode transmission","volume":"13","author":"McQuaid","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100931_b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2019.100368","article-title":"Approximate Bayesian computation for infectious disease modelling","volume":"29","author":"Minter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epidemics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100931_b42","series-title":"2017 1st International Conference on Intelligent Systems and Information Management","first-page":"72","article-title":"Review of random forest classification techniques to resolve data imbalance","author":"More","year":"2017"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100931_b43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1515\/ijb-2025-0065","article-title":"An enhanced approximate Bayesian computation method for stage-structured development models","volume":"21","author":"Pham","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biostat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100931_b44","article-title":"Think before you fit: Parameter identifiability, sensitivity and uncertainty in systems biology models","volume":"42","author":"Preston","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Syst. Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100931_b45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apm.2025.116391","article-title":"Transmission dynamics of Zika virus with mosquito-borne and sexual infection routes and a case study in Mexico","volume":"150","author":"Ren","year":"2026","journal-title":"Appl. Math. Model."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100931_b46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2025.1521620","article-title":"Developing a spatio-temporal model for banana bunchy top disease: Leveraging remote sensing and survey data","volume":"16","author":"Retkute","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100931_b47","series-title":"Cost-effective early detection of banana bunchy top disease: Insights from spatio-temporal modelling in Benin","author":"Retkute","year":"2026"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100931_b48","series-title":"Mapping cassava production in Uganda","author":"Retkute","year":"2026"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100931_b49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fams.2026.1798581","article-title":"Formulating likelihood functions for infectious disease dynamics for neglected tropical diseases","volume":"12","author":"Retkute","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front. Appl. Math. Stat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100931_b50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2026.109691","article-title":"Parameterisation of epidemiological models from small field experiments: A case study of banana bunchy top virus transmission","author":"Retkute","year":"2026","journal-title":"Math. Biosci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100931_b51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1214\/21-AOAS1486","article-title":"Integrating geostatistical maps and infectious disease transmission models using adaptive multiple importance sampling","volume":"15","author":"Retkute","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Appl. Stat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100931_b52","article-title":"Controlling banana bunchy top disease in benin: Crop protection strategies with socio-economic perspectives","author":"Retkute","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLANTS, PEOPLE, PLANET"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100931_b53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1760","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0607208104","article-title":"Sequential Monte Carlo without likelihoods","volume":"104","author":"Sisson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100931_b54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-020-0501-z","article-title":"CassavaMap, a fine-resolution disaggregation of cassava production and harvested area in Africa in 2014","volume":"7","author":"Szyniszewska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100931_b55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012312","article-title":"Impact of ivermectin and vector control on onchocerciasis transmission in Togo: Assessing the empirical evidence on trends in infection and entomological indicators","volume":"18","author":"Vinkeles Melchers","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLOS Neglected Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100931_b56","series-title":"Ebola outbreak 2014\u20132016 \u2014 West Africa","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100931_b57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2025.100843","article-title":"Modelling the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 during the first 14 days of infection","volume":"52","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Epidemics"}],"container-title":["Epidemics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1755436526000472?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1755436526000472?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T20:09:19Z","timestamp":1789502959000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1755436526000472"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":57,"alternative-id":["S1755436526000472"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100931","relation":{},"ISSN":["1755-4365"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1755-4365","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"ABC-RF-rejection: A two-stage machine-learning-enhanced framework for efficient likelihood-free inference","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Epidemics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.epidem.2026.100931","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100931"}}