{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T17:35:28Z","timestamp":1791221728894,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,1]],"date-time":"2006-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1138752000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,1]],"date-time":"2006-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1138752000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epilepsy Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2005.11.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,19]],"date-time":"2006-01-19T14:06:46Z","timestamp":1137679606000},"page":"S3-S9","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"special_numbering":"S2","title":["Introduction to zonisamide"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Michel","family":"Baulac","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"Suppl. 3","key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2005.11.004_bib1","first-page":"298","article-title":"Risk of kidney stones in patients treated with zonisamide","volume":"58","author":"Bennett","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2005.11.004_bib2","first-page":"31","article-title":"Dose-dependent safety and efficacy of zonisamide: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in patients with refractory partial seizures","volume":"46","author":"Brodie","year":"2005","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2005.11.004_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castillo, S., Schmidt, D.B., White, S., 2000. Oxcarbazepine add-on for drug-resistant partial epilepsy. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3, CD002028.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002028"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2005.11.004_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chadwick, D.W., Marson, A.G., 2002. Zonisamide add-on for drug-resistant partial epilepsy. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2, CD001416.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001416"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2005.11.004_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaisewikul, R., Privitera, M.D., Hutton, J.L., Marson, A.G., 2001. Levetiracetam add-on for drug-resistant localization related (partial) epilepsy. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1, CD001901.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001901"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2005.11.004_bib6","unstructured":"Eisai Inc. Zonegran (zonisamide) package insert, May 2004. Eisai Inc., Teaneck, NJ 07666, USA."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2005.11.004_bib7","unstructured":"Eisai Ltd. Zonegran (zonisamide), March 2005. Summary of Product Characteristics. Eisai Ltd., 3 Shortlands, London W6 8EE, UK."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2005.11.004_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.10.1774","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of zonisamide for the treatment of refractory partial-onset seizures","volume":"57","author":"Faught","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2005.11.004_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2056","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2004.11.019","article-title":"Effect of zonisamide on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a combination ethinyl estradiol-norethindrone oral contraceptive in healthy women","volume":"26","author":"Griffith","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2005.11.004_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.38.6.928","article-title":"Progressive myoclonus epilepsy treated with zonisamide","volume":"38","author":"Henry","year":"1988","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2005.11.004_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jette, N.J., Marson, A.G., Hutton, J.L., 2002. Topiramate add-on for drug-resistant partial epilepsy. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3, CD001417.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001417"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2005.11.004_bib12","first-page":"371","article-title":"Carbamazepine and zonisamide increase extracellular dopamine and serotonin levels in vivo, and carbamazepine does not antagonize adenosine effect in vitro: mechanisms of blockade of seizure spread","volume":"47","author":"Kaneko","year":"1993","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Psychiatry Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2005.11.004_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/S1059-1311(96)80104-X","article-title":"Mechanisms of T-type calcium channel blockade by zonisamide","volume":"5","author":"Kito","year":"1996","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2005.11.004_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1552-4604.1998.tb04406.x","article-title":"Steady-state pharmacokinetics of zonisamide, an antiepileptic agent for treatment of refractory complex partial seizures","volume":"38","author":"Kochak","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2005.11.004_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1684\/j.1950-6945.2004.tb00075.x","article-title":"Efficacy and tolerability of zonisamide in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy","volume":"6","author":"Kothare","year":"2004","journal-title":"Epileptic Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2005.11.004_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-1211(97)00069-7","article-title":"Zonisamide for progressive myoclonus epilepsy: long-term observations in seven patients","volume":"29","author":"Kyllerman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2005.11.004_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leach, J.P., Marson, A.G., Hutton, J.L., 2002. Remacemide for drug-resistant localization related epilepsy. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4, CD001900.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001900"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2005.11.004_bib18","series-title":"Antiepileptic Drugs","first-page":"892","article-title":"Adverse effects","author":"Lee","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2005.11.004_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1177\/0091270004268045","article-title":"Lack of a clinically significant effect of zonisamide on phenytoin steady-state pharmacokinetics in patients with epilepsy","volume":"44","author":"Levy","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2005.11.004_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ftd.0000153403.99478.1f","article-title":"Lack of clinically significant pharmacokinetic interactions between zonisamide and lamotrigine at steady state in patients with epilepsy","volume":"27","author":"Levy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ther. Drug Monit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2005.11.004_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000103284.73495.35","article-title":"Zonisamide treatment for symptomatic infantile spasms","volume":"62","author":"Lotze","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2005.11.004_bib22","series-title":"Antiepileptic Drugs","first-page":"867","article-title":"Zonisamide: mechanisms of action","author":"Macdonald","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2005.11.004_bib23","first-page":"416","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of zonisamide on human carbonic anhydrase in vitro","volume":"43","author":"Masuda","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arzneimittelforschung"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2005.11.004_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marson, A.G., Kadir, Z.A., Hutton, J.L., Chadwick, D.W., 2000. Gabapentin add-on for drug-resistant partial epilepsy. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3, CD001415.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001415"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2005.11.004_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)22146-2","article-title":"Multiple actions of phenytoin on mouse spinal cord neurons in cell culture","volume":"227","author":"McLean","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2005.11.004_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)24848-0","article-title":"Carbamazepine and 10,11-epoxycarbamazepine produce use- and voltage-dependent limitation of rapidly firing action potentials of mouse central neurons in cell culture","volume":"238","author":"McLean","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2005.11.004_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)24966-7","article-title":"Sodium valproate, but not ethosuximide, produces use- and voltage-dependent limitation of high frequency repetitive firing of action potentials of mouse central neurons in cell culture","volume":"237","author":"McLean","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2005.11.004_bib28","first-page":"19","article-title":"[3H]zonisamide binding in rat brain","volume":"39","author":"Mimaki","year":"1990","journal-title":"Med. J. Osaka Univ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2005.11.004_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0701941","article-title":"Interaction between Ca2+, K+, carbamazepine and zonisamide on hippocampal extracellular glutamate monitored with a microdialysis electrode","volume":"124","author":"Okada","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2005.11.004_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(03)00409-5","article-title":"Clinically important drug interactions in epilepsy: general features and interactions between antiepileptic drugs","volume":"2","author":"Patsalos","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2005.11.004_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pereira, J., Marson, A.G., Hutton J.L., 2002. Tiagabine add-on for drug-resistant partial epilepsy. The Cochrane Database Systematic Reviews 3, CD001908.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001908"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2005.11.004_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramaratnam, S., Marson, A.G., Baker, G.A., 2001. Lamotrigine add-on for drug-resistant partial epilepsy. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3, CD001909.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001909"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2005.11.004_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2004.06.008","article-title":"Carbamazepine pharmacokinetics are not affected by zonisamide: in vitro mechanistic study and in vivo clinical study in epileptic patients","volume":"62","author":"Ragueneau-Majlessi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2005.11.004_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200544050-00005","article-title":"Lack of pharmacokinetic interactions between steady-state zonisamide and valproic acid in patients with epilepsy","volume":"44","author":"Ragueneau-Majlessi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacokinet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2005.11.004_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/0920-1211(89)90041-7","article-title":"Blockade of sustained repetitive action potentials in cultured spinal cord neurons by zonisamide (AD 810, CI 912), a novel anticonvulsant","volume":"3","author":"Rock","year":"1989","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2005.11.004_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0013-9580.2004.11403.x","article-title":"Randomized, controlled clinical trial of zonisamide as adjunctive treatment for refractory partial seizures","volume":"45","author":"Sackellares","year":"2004","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2005.11.004_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(87)90168-5","article-title":"Zonisamide enhances slow sodium inactivation in Myxicola.","volume":"413","author":"Schauf","year":"1987","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2005.11.004_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/0920-1211(93)90011-U","article-title":"Zonisamide for add-on treatment of refractory partial epilepsy: a European double-blind trial","volume":"15","author":"Schmidt","year":"1993","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2005.11.004_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2004.04.015","article-title":"Review of zonisamide development in Japan","volume":"13","author":"Seino","year":"2004","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2005.11.004_bib40","series-title":"Antiepileptic Drugs","first-page":"873","article-title":"Zonisamide: chemistry, biotransformation, and pharmacokinetics","author":"Shah","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2005.11.004_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa022963","article-title":"Absence of cross-reactivity between sulfonamide antibiotics and sulfonamide nonantibiotics","volume":"349","author":"Strom","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2005.11.004_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/0920-1211(92)90087-A","article-title":"Zonisamide blocks T-type calcium channel in cultured neurons of rat cerebral cortex","volume":"12","author":"Suzuki","year":"1992","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2005.11.004_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-328X(03)00183-9","article-title":"Effect of zonisamide on molecular regulation of glutamate and GABA transporter proteins during epileptogenesis in rats with hippocampal seizures","volume":"116","author":"Ueda","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2005.11.004_bib44","series-title":"Poster presented at 9th European Conference on Epilepsy and Society, March 18\u201320","article-title":"Lack of pharmacokinetic interaction between steady-state zonisamide and lamotrigine in patients with epilepsy","author":"Wilson","year":"2004"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2005.11.004_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2004.04.018","article-title":"Overview of Japanese experience-controlled and uncontrolled trials","volume":"13","author":"Yagi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2005.11.004_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/S0387-7604(98)00080-1","article-title":"Treatment of infantile spasms with zonisamide","volume":"21","author":"Yanai","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2005.11.004_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-1211(01)00282-0","article-title":"Long-term observations of two siblings with Lafora disease treated with zonisamide","volume":"46","author":"Yoshimura","year":"2001","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"issue":"Suppl. 7","key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2005.11.004_bib48","first-page":"245","article-title":"Zonisamide depresses excitatory synaptic transmission by a presynaptic action","volume":"40","author":"Zhu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Epilepsia"}],"container-title":["Epilepsy Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0920121105002962?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0920121105002962?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T13:15:41Z","timestamp":1760274941000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0920121105002962"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,2]]},"references-count":48,"alternative-id":["S0920121105002962"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2005.11.004","relation":{},"ISSN":["0920-1211"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0920-1211","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Introduction to zonisamide","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Epilepsy Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2005.11.004","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2005 Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}