{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T11:32:56Z","timestamp":1789990376858,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2-3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,1]],"date-time":"2009-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1249084800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,1]],"date-time":"2009-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1249084800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epilepsy Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2009.03.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,16]],"date-time":"2009-05-16T04:26:06Z","timestamp":1242447966000},"page":"212-220","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Benzodiazepine modulation of GABAA receptor opening frequency depends on activation context: A patch clamp and simulation study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Matt T.","family":"Bianchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel J.","family":"Botzolakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andre H.","family":"Lagrange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert L.","family":"Macdonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2009.03.007_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2007.142364","article-title":"Microscopic kinetic determinants of macroscopic currents: insights from coupling and uncoupling of GABAA receptor desensitization and deactivation","volume":"584","author":"Bianchi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2009.03.007_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9083","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-23-09083.2001","article-title":"Agonist trapping by GABAA receptor channels","volume":"21","author":"Bianchi","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2009.03.007_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5321","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-13-05321.2002","article-title":"Two different mechanisms of disinhibition produced by GABAA receptor mutations linked to epilepsy in humans","volume":"22","author":"Bianchi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2009.03.007_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1038\/269342a0","article-title":"Chlordiazepoxide selectively augments GABA action in spinal cord cell cultures","volume":"269","author":"Choh","year":"1977","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2009.03.007_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-6147(91)90633-4","article-title":"Neher and Sakmann win Nobel Prize for patch-clamp work","volume":"12","author":"Colquhoun","year":"1991","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2009.03.007_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1982.0156","article-title":"On the stochastic properties of bursts of single ion channel openings and of clusters of bursts","volume":"300","author":"Colquhoun","year":"1982","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London B: Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2009.03.007_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1625","article-title":"Variations on an inhibitory theme: phasic and tonic activation of GABA(A) receptors","volume":"6","author":"Farrant","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2009.03.007_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(76)90108-6","article-title":"Diazepam and chlordiazepoxide: powerful GABA antagonsits in explants of rat cerebellum","volume":"107","author":"Gahwiler","year":"1976","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2009.03.007_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199903170-00028","article-title":"Benzodiazepines do not modulate desensitization of recombinant alpha1beta2gamma2 GABA(A) receptors","volume":"10","author":"Ghansah","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2009.03.007_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4751-07.2008","article-title":"Which GABA(A) receptor subunits are necessary for tonic inhibition in the hippocampus?","volume":"28","author":"Glykys","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2009.03.007_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2007.11.002","article-title":"Activation of GABAA receptors: views from outside the synaptic cleft","volume":"56","author":"Glykys","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2009.03.007_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.1999.027af.x","article-title":"GABAA receptor subunit gamma2 and delta subtypes confer unique kinetic properties on recombinant GABAA receptor currents in mouse fibroblasts","volume":"514","author":"Haas","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2009.03.007_bib13","first-page":"472","article-title":"Modifications of a commercial perfusion system for use in ultrafast solution exchange during patch clamp recording","volume":"35","author":"Hinkle","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biotechniques"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2009.03.007_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(95)90075-6","article-title":"Desensitized states prolong GABAA channel responses to brief agonist pulses","volume":"15","author":"Jones","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2009.03.007_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(96)80037-3","article-title":"The impact of receptor desensitization on fast synaptic transmission","volume":"19","author":"Jones","year":"1996","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2009.03.007_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbiomolbio.2004.06.003","article-title":"Presynaptic, extrasynaptic and axonal GABAA receptors in the CNS: where and why?","volume":"87","author":"Kullmann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2009.03.007_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2006.122135","article-title":"Enhanced macroscopic desensitization shapes the response of alpha4 subtype-containing GABAA receptors to synaptic and extrasynaptic GABA","volume":"578","author":"Lagrange","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2009.03.007_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3908(96)00077-9","article-title":"Direct evidence for diazepam modulation of GABAA receptor microscopic affinity","volume":"35","author":"Lavoie","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2009.03.007_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1038\/271563a0","article-title":"Benzodiazepines specifically modulate GABA-mediated postsynaptic inhibition in cultured mammalian neurones","volume":"271","author":"Macdonald","year":"1978","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2009.03.007_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1989.sp017814","article-title":"Barbiturate regulation of kinetic properties of the GABAA receptor channel of mouse spinal neurones in culture","volume":"417","author":"MacDonald","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2009.03.007_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.890010113","article-title":"The GABAA receptor: new insights from single-channel recording","volume":"1","author":"Mathers","year":"1987","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2009.03.007_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(96)80023-3","article-title":"Which GABAA\u2014receptor subtypes really occur in the brain?","volume":"19","author":"McKernan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2009.03.007_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0173(98)00052-6","article-title":"An update on GABAA receptors","volume":"29","author":"Mehta","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2009.03.007_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2624","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2002.87.5.2624","article-title":"Selective modulation of tonic and phasic inhibitions in dentate gyrus granule cells","volume":"87","author":"Nusser","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2009.03.007_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-02-00578.1999","article-title":"Effect of zolpidem on miniature IPSCs and occupancy of postsynaptic GABAA receptors in central synapses","volume":"19","author":"Perrais","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2009.03.007_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3908(96)00055-X","article-title":"Modulation of synaptic GABAA receptor function by benzodiazepines in area CA3 of rat hippocampal slice cultures","volume":"35","author":"Poncer","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2009.03.007_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1994.sp020050","article-title":"Benzodiazepine and beta-carboline regulation of single GABAA receptor channels of mouse spinal neurones in culture","volume":"475","author":"Rogers","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2009.03.007_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410250302","article-title":"Differential regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor channels by diazepam and phenobarbital","volume":"25","author":"Twyman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2009.03.007_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2246","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.71.6.2246","article-title":"Interaction of benzodiazepines with central nervous glycine receptors: possible mechanism of action","volume":"71","author":"Young","year":"1974","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."}],"container-title":["Epilepsy Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S092012110900076X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S092012110900076X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T13:22:04Z","timestamp":1760275324000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S092012110900076X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2-3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S092012110900076X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2009.03.007","relation":{},"ISSN":["0920-1211"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0920-1211","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Benzodiazepine modulation of GABAA receptor opening frequency depends on activation context: A patch clamp and simulation study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Epilepsy Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2009.03.007","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2009 Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}