{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T16:52:27Z","timestamp":1773679947277,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,1]],"date-time":"2014-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1417392000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,1]],"date-time":"2014-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1417392000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epilepsy Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2014.09.015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,22]],"date-time":"2014-09-22T02:49:30Z","timestamp":1411354170000},"page":"1685-1693","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Adverse events, placebo and nocebo effects in placebo-treated paediatric patients with refractory focal epilepsies. Analysis of double-blind studies"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"108","author":[{"given":"Gaetano","family":"Zaccara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Giovannelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Franco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Cincotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luciana","family":"Tramacere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Verrotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2014.09.015_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1999.tb00833.x","article-title":"Gabapentin as add-on therapy in children with refractory partial seizures: a 12-week, multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"40","author":"Appleton","year":"1999","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2014.09.015_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1998.tb01361.x","article-title":"Commission on outcome measurement in epilepsy, 1994\u20131997: final report","volume":"39","author":"Baker","year":"1998","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2014.09.015_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2008.02.006","article-title":"Strategies to detect adverse effects of antiepileptic drugs in clinical practice","volume":"13","author":"Carreno","year":"2008","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2014.09.015_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1922","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2010.0399","article-title":"Harnessing the placebo effect: the need for translational research","volume":"366","author":"Colloca","year":"2011","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2014.09.015_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.8.1724","article-title":"A placebo-controlled trial of lamotrigine add-on therapy for partial seizures in children","volume":"53","author":"Duchowny","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2014.09.015_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.52.7.1338","article-title":"A double-blind, randomized trial of topiramate as adjunctive therapy for partial-onset seizures in children","volume":"52","author":"Elterman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2014.09.015_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1997.01830230069010","article-title":"A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of fluoxetine in children and adolescents with depression","volume":"54","author":"Emslie","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2014.09.015_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2008.06.030","article-title":"New insights into the placebo and nocebo responses","volume":"59","author":"Enck","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2014.09.015_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2007.09.024","article-title":"The placebo response in studies of acute migraine","volume":"152","author":"Fernandes","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2014.09.015_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61706-2","article-title":"Biological, clinical, and ethical advances of placebo effects","volume":"20","author":"Finniss","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2014.09.015_bib0055","author":"Gabapentin Summary of Product Characteristics","year":"2014","journal-title":"\u3008http:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/ema\/index.jsp?curl=pages\/medicines\/human\/referrals\/Neurontin\/human_referral_000046.jsp\u3009 (accessed June 16th, 2014)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2014.09.015_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.62.1.23","article-title":"Systematic screening allows reduction of adverse antiepileptic drug effects: a randomized trial","volume":"62","author":"Gilliam","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2014.09.015_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2237","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.54.12.2237","article-title":"Adjunctive therapy with oxcarbazepine in children with partial seizures","volume":"54","author":"Glauser","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2014.09.015_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000217916.00225.3a","article-title":"Double-blind placebo-controlled trial of adjunctive levetiracetam in pediatric partial seizures","volume":"66","author":"Glauser","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2014.09.015_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.2165\/11630700-000000000-00000","article-title":"Safety and tolerability of antiepileptic drug treatment in children with epilepsy","volume":"35","author":"Guerrini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Drug Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2014.09.015_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12233","article-title":"A randomized phase III trial of adjunctive zonisamide in pediatric patients with partial epilepsy","volume":"54","author":"Guerrini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2014.09.015_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e31818a7467","article-title":"Parental beliefs and worries regarding adolescent chronic pain","volume":"25","author":"Guite","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. J. Pain."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2014.09.015_bib0090","first-page":"459","article-title":"Nocebo phenomena in medicine: their relevance in everyday clinical practice","volume":"109","author":"H\u00e4user","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dtsch. Arztebl. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2014.09.015_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"d5928","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d5928","article-title":"The cochrane collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias in randomized trials","volume":"343","author":"Higgins","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2014.09.015_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.1679","article-title":"Pediatric drug surveillance and the Food and Drug Administration's adverse event reporting system: an overview of reports, 2003\u20132007","volume":"18","author":"Johann-Liang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2014.09.015_bib0105","author":"Lamotrigine Summary of Product Characteristics","year":"2014","journal-title":"\u3008http:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/ema\/index.jsp?curl=pages\/medicines\/human\/referrals\/Lamictal\/human_referral_000037.jsp\u3009 (accessed June 16th, 2014)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2014.09.015_bib0110","author":"Levetiracetam Summary of Product Characteristics","year":"2014","journal-title":"\u3008http:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/docs\/en_GB\/document_library\/EPAR_-_Product_Information\/human\/000277\/WC500041334.pdf\u3009 (accessed June 16th, 2014)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2014.09.015_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2377","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2009.02197.x","article-title":"Neurocognitive effects of adjunctive levetiracetam in children with partial-onset seizures: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, noninferiority trial","volume":"50","author":"Levisohn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2014.09.015_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2005.05050.x","article-title":"The placebo responder rate in children and adolescents","volume":"45","author":"Lewis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2014.09.015_bib0125","first-page":"e123","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement","volume":"3","author":"Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Open Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2014.09.015_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1177\/1756285609337340","article-title":"Depression in epilepsy: mechanisms and therapeutic approach","volume":"2","author":"Mula","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Neurol. Disord."},{"issue":"Mar (402)","key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2014.09.015_bib0135","article-title":"Migraine and epilepsy in the pediatric population","volume":"18","author":"Oakley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Pain Headache Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2014.09.015_bib0140","author":"Oxcarbazepine Summary of Product Characteristics","year":"2014","journal-title":"\u3008http:\/\/mri.medagencies.org\/download\/DK_H_0171_004_FinalSPC_3of4.pdf\u3009 [accessed June 16th, 2014]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2014.09.015_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-1211(00)00124-8","article-title":"Assessing risk to benefit ratio in antiepileptic drug therapy","volume":"41","author":"Perucca","year":"2000","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2014.09.015_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-200519110-00001","article-title":"Overtreatment in epilepsy: how it occurs and how it can be avoided","volume":"19","author":"Perucca","year":"2005","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2014.09.015_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e166","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050166","article-title":"Greater response to placebo in children than in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis in drug-resistant partial epilepsy","volume":"5","author":"Rheims","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2014.09.015_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2010.02915.x","article-title":"Factors determining response to antiepileptic drugs in randomized controlled trials. A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"52","author":"Rheims","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2014.09.015_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2009.01.029","article-title":"Metaanalysis of the placebo response in antidepressant trials","volume":"118","author":"Rief","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2014.09.015_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2011.204","article-title":"Mechanisms involved in placebo and nocebo responses and implications for drug trials","volume":"90","author":"Rief","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2014.09.015_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2006.00313.x","article-title":"Zolmitriptan oral tablet in migraine treatment: high placebo responses in adolescents","volume":"46","author":"Rothner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2014.09.015_bib0185","author":"Topiramate Summary of Product Characteristics","year":"2014","journal-title":"\u3008http:\/\/www.hma.eu\/fileadmin\/dateien\/pipar\/de1326\/spc_de1326topiramat.pdf\u3009 (accessed June 16th, 2014)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2014.09.015_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-9-80","article-title":"Meta-analyst: software for meta-analysis of binary, continuous and diagnostic data","volume":"9","author":"Wallace","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Med. Res. Methodol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2014.09.015_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2013.66","article-title":"Placebo effects in children: a review","volume":"74","author":"Weimer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2014.09.015_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1684\/j.1950-6945.2004.tb00064.x","article-title":"Adverse motor effects induced by antiepileptic drugs","volume":"6","author":"Zaccara","year":"2004","journal-title":"Epileptic Disord."},{"issue":"Jun","key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2014.09.015_bib0205","article-title":"Adverse events of placebo-treated, drug-resistant, focal epileptic patients in randomized controlled trials. A systematic review","author":"Zaccara","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2014.09.015_bib0210","author":"Zonisamide Summary of Product Characteristics","year":"2014","journal-title":"\u3008http:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/docs\/en_GB\/document_library\/EPAR_-_Product_Information\/human\/000577\/WC500052431.pdf\u3009 (accessed June 16th, 2014)"}],"container-title":["Epilepsy Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0920121114002484?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0920121114002484?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T13:31:28Z","timestamp":1760275888000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0920121114002484"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0920121114002484"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2014.09.015","relation":{},"ISSN":["0920-1211"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0920-1211","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Adverse events, placebo and nocebo effects in placebo-treated paediatric patients with refractory focal epilepsies. Analysis of double-blind studies","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Epilepsy Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2014.09.015","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}