{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T10:48:03Z","timestamp":1777891683863,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,1]],"date-time":"2018-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1517443200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,1]],"date-time":"2018-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1517443200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Gerda Meyer Nyquist Gulbranson and Gerdt Meyer Nyquist\u2019s fund"},{"name":"Torbj\u00f8rg Hauge\u2019s donation to neuroscience"},{"name":"Norwegian Epilepsy Association\u2018s science fund"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epilepsy Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2017.11.014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,29]],"date-time":"2017-11-29T00:18:05Z","timestamp":1511914685000},"page":"39-45","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Cognitive function after status epilepticus versus after multiple generalized tonic-clonic seizures"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"140","author":[{"given":"Kjersti N.","family":"Power","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arne","family":"Gramstad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nils Erik","family":"Gilhus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karl Ove","family":"Hufthammer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bernt A.","family":"Engelsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2017.11.014_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2005.05005.x","article-title":"Intellectual prognosis of status epilepticus in adult epilepsy patients: analysis with Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-revised","volume":"46","author":"Adachi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2017.11.014_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(80)90415-5","article-title":"Status epilepticus. Causes, clinical features and consequences in 98 patients","volume":"69","author":"Aminoff","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2017.11.014_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2015_5001","article-title":"The paired associates learning (PAL) test: 30 years of CANTAB translational neuroscience from laboratory to bedside in dementia research","volume":"28","author":"Barnett","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2017.11.014_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1159\/000106829","article-title":"Acute confusion or altered mental state: consider nonconvulsive status epilepticus","volume":"53","author":"Beyenburg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2017.11.014_bib0025","article-title":"Cognitive deterioration in adult epilepsy: clinical characteristics of Accelerated Cognitive Ageing","author":"Breuer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2017.11.014_bib0030","series-title":"Cantab Research Suite 6 Test Administration Guide and Software User Guide","author":"Cambridge Cognition","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2017.11.014_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2014.02.003","article-title":"Reversible and irreversible cranial MRI findings associated with status epilepticus","volume":"33","author":"Cartagena","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2017.11.014_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3106","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.14-05-03106.1994","article-title":"Neuronal loss induced in limbic pathways by kindling: evidence for induction of hippocampal sclerosis by repeated brief seizures","volume":"14","author":"Cavazos","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2017.11.014_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2009.273","article-title":"Functional and cognitive outcome in prolonged refractory status epilepticus","volume":"66","author":"Cooper","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2017.11.014_bib0050","first-page":"23","article-title":"Intellectual impairment as an outcome of status epilepticus","volume":"40","author":"Dodrill","year":"1990","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2017.11.014_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1986.tb03559.x","article-title":"Correlates of generalized tonic-clonic seizures with intellectual, neuropsychological, emotional, and social function in patients with epilepsy","volume":"27","author":"Dodrill","year":"1986","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2017.11.014_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(02)35037-4","article-title":"Progressive cognitive decline in adolescents and adults with epilepsy","volume":"135","author":"Dodrill","year":"2002","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2017.11.014_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2003.11.004","article-title":"Neuropsychological effects of seizures","volume":"5","author":"Dodrill","year":"2004","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2017.11.014_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-1211(00)00126-1","article-title":"The impact of epilepsy from the patient's perspective I. Descriptions and subjective perceptions","volume":"41","author":"Fisher","year":"2000","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2017.11.014_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-016-1221-9","article-title":"Prediction of functional outcome in patients with convulsive status epilepticus: the END-IT score","volume":"20","author":"Gao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit. Care (London, England)"},{"issue":"Suppl. 8","key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2017.11.014_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2007.01360.x","article-title":"Cognitive outcome of status epilepticus in adults","volume":"48","author":"Helmstaedter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2017.11.014_bib0085","series-title":"Jasper's Basic Mechanisms of the Epilepsies","article-title":"Cell death and survival mechanisms after single and repeated brief seizures","author":"Henshall","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2017.11.014_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70018-8","article-title":"The neurobehavioural comorbidities of epilepsy: can a natural history be developed?","volume":"7","author":"Hermann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2017.11.014_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1159\/000342116","article-title":"Applicability of the CANTAB-PAL computerized memory test in identifying amnestic mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease","volume":"34","author":"Junkkila","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2017.11.014_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/S0987-7053(00)00238-0","article-title":"No, some types of nonconvulsive status epilepticus cause little permanent neurologic sequelae (or: the cure may be worse than the disease)","volume":"30","author":"Kaplan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurophysiol. Clin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2017.11.014_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2429","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2012.246298","article-title":"A functional role for both -aminobutyric acid (GABA) transporter-1 and GABA transporter-3 in the modulation of extracellular GABA and GABAergic tonic conductances in the rat hippocampus","volume":"591","author":"Kersante","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2017.11.014_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2003.11.018","article-title":"Age differences in orbitofrontal activation: an fMRI investigation of delayed match and nonmatch to sample","volume":"21","author":"Lamar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2017.11.014_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.3_Part_1.483","article-title":"Status epilepticus at an urban public hospital in the 1980","volume":"43","author":"Lowenstein","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2017.11.014_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(97)00109-7","article-title":"The functional emergence of prefrontally-guided working memory systems in four- to eight-year-old children","volume":"36","author":"Luciana","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2017.11.014_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12136","article-title":"Early developmental outcomes in children following convulsive status epilepticus: a longitudinal study","volume":"54","author":"Martinos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2017.11.014_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-1211(96)00048-4","article-title":"Spontaneous seizures preferentially injure interneurons in the pilocarpine model of chronic spontaneous seizures","volume":"26","author":"Mello","year":"1996","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2017.11.014_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2008.07.004","article-title":"Frequency and patterns of MRI abnormalities due to status epilepticus","volume":"18","author":"Milligan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2017.11.014_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2010.09.003","article-title":"Prognostic factors, morbidity and mortality in tonic-clonic status epilepticus: a review","volume":"93","author":"Neligan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2017.11.014_bib0145","series-title":"The National Adult Reading Test\u2014Test Manual","author":"Nelson","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2017.11.014_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(94)00098-A","article-title":"Visuo-spatial short-term recognition memory and learning after temporal lobe excisions, frontal lobe excisions or amygdalo-hippocampectomy in man","volume":"33","author":"Owen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2017.11.014_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(02)00073-X","article-title":"Is epilepsy a progressive disorder? Prospects for new therapeutic approaches in temporal-lobe epilepsy","volume":"1","author":"Pitkanen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2017.11.014_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(02)35008-8","article-title":"Progression of neuronal damage after status epilepticus and during spontaneous seizures in a rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"135","author":"Pitkanen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2017.11.014_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2014.09.007","article-title":"Adult nonconvulsive status epilepticus in a clinical setting: semiology, aetiology, treatment and outcome","volume":"24","author":"Power","year":"2015","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2017.11.014_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000082653.40257.0B","article-title":"Assessment of acute morbidity and mortality in nonconvulsive status epilepticus","volume":"61","author":"Shneker","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2017.11.014_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2015.11.061","article-title":"Structural alterations in the rat brain and behavioral impairment after status epilepticus: an MRI study","volume":"315","author":"Suleymanova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2017.11.014_bib0180","first-page":"1108","article-title":"Estimating premorbid IQ. [Beregning av IQ ved hjelp av lesetesten NART: Redusert funksjon fra premorbid niv\u00e5 ved schizofreni og bipolar lidelse]","volume":"45","author":"Sundet","year":"2008","journal-title":"Tidsskrift for Norsk Psykologforening"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2017.11.014_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00910-0","article-title":"Neuropsychologic impairments in bipolar and unipolar mood disorders on the CANTAB neurocognitive battery","volume":"48","author":"Sweeney","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2017.11.014_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-010-5634-0","article-title":"Reversible dyscognition in patients with a unilateral, middle fossa arachnoid cyst revealed by using a laptop based neuropsychological test battery (CANTAB)","volume":"257","author":"Torgersen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2017.11.014_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.4236\/jbbs.2012.21013","article-title":"Clinical validation of cambridge neuropsychological test automated battery in a Norwegian epilepsy population","volume":"2","author":"Torgersen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Behav. Brain Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2017.11.014_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13121","article-title":"A definition and classification of status epilepticus\u2014report of the ILAE Task Force on Classification of Status Epilepticus","volume":"56","author":"Trinka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2017.11.014_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2016.09.013","article-title":"Cognitive functioning one month and one year following febrile status epilepticus","volume":"64","author":"Weiss","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2017.11.014_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-012-6526-2","article-title":"Should cognition be screened in new-onset epilepsies? A study in 247 untreated patients","volume":"259","author":"Witt","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2017.11.014_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.12260","article-title":"Cognitive-behavioral screening in elderly patients with new-onset epilepsy before treatment","volume":"130","author":"Witt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2017.11.014_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181f32141","article-title":"Nonconvulsive status epilepticus and brain damage: further evidence, more questions","volume":"75","author":"Young","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurology"}],"container-title":["Epilepsy Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S092012111730503X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S092012111730503X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T13:37:24Z","timestamp":1760276244000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S092012111730503X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]},"references-count":44,"alternative-id":["S092012111730503X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2017.11.014","relation":{},"ISSN":["0920-1211"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0920-1211","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Cognitive function after status epilepticus versus after multiple generalized tonic-clonic seizures","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Epilepsy Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2017.11.014","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}