{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T00:32:10Z","timestamp":1792369930355,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23DK121888"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23DK121888"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aacejournalendocrinepractice.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Endocrine Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,4]],"date-time":"2021-10-04T08:54:18Z","timestamp":1633337658000},"page":"110-117","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Secondary Adrenal Insufficiency: Recent Updates and New Directions for Diagnosis and Management"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Lucinda M.","family":"Gruber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9332-2524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irina","family":"Bancos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib1","series-title":"On The Constitutional And Local Effects Of Disease Of The Supra-Renal Capsules","author":"Addison","year":"1855"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(14)70142-1","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of adrenal insufficiency","volume":"3","author":"Bancos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199406093302306","article-title":"Hypopituitarism","volume":"330","author":"Vance","year":"1994","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.01.077","article-title":"Case report of a primary pituitary abscess and systematic literature review of pituitary abscess with a focus on patient outcomes","volume":"101","author":"Agyei","year":"2017","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2226","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12855","article-title":"Use of a risk-stratification tool in identification of potential adrenal suppression preceding steroid injection therapy in chronic pain patients","volume":"16","author":"Goel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib7","first-page":"38","article-title":"Nivolumab-induced adrenal insufficiency in patients with renal cell carcinoma","volume":"43","author":"Suzuki","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Immunother"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.14349","article-title":"Clinical features and thyroid dysfunction in adverse events involving the pituitary gland during PD-1 blockade therapy","volume":"94","author":"Yamauchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib9","first-page":"3280","article-title":"Anti-PD1 and anti-PDL1-induced hypophysitis: a cohort study of 17 patients with longitudinal follow-up","volume":"9","author":"Levy","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dgaa499","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa499","article-title":"Prevalence of opioid-induced adrenal insufficiency in patients taking chronic opioids","volume":"105","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.4158\/EP-2020-0297","article-title":"Clinical presentation and outcomes of opioid-induced adrenal insufficiency","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"issue":"9372","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)13492-7","article-title":"Adrenal insufficiency","volume":"361","author":"Arlt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13043","article-title":"Addison's disease with polyglandular autoimmunity carries a more than 2.5-fold risk for adrenal crises: German health insurance data 2010-2013","volume":"85","author":"Meyer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2001.01406.x","article-title":"Prevalence and incidence of hypopituitarism in an adult Caucasian population in northwestern Spain","volume":"55","author":"Regal","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3181db6b7a","article-title":"Delayed diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency is common: a cross-sectional study in 216 patients","volume":"339","author":"Bleicken","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1408","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa668","article-title":"Determinants of Self-reported Health Outcomes in Adrenal Insufficiency: A Multisite Survey Study","volume":"106","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n1380","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n1380","article-title":"Glucocorticoid induced adrenal insufficiency","volume":"374","author":"Prete","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.4158\/EP171861.OR","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of basal cortisol level to predict adrenal insufficiency in cosyntropin testing: results from an observational cohort study with 804 patients","volume":"23","author":"Struja","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-1710","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of primary adrenal insufficiency: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline","volume":"101","author":"Bornstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cccn.2003.10.031","article-title":"DHEAS as a new diagnostic tool","volume":"341","author":"Leowattana","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.4158\/EP10262.RA","article-title":"Biochemical diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency: the added value of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate measurements","volume":"17","author":"Al-Aridi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib22","first-page":"53","article-title":"Dynamics of adrenocorticotropin after application of metyrapone","volume":"125","author":"Noe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2001.01169.x","article-title":"An audit of 500 subcutaneous glucagon stimulation tests to assess growth hormone and ACTH secretion in patients with hypothalamic-pituitary disease","volume":"54","author":"Leong","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-016-0712-7","article-title":"Revised GH and cortisol cut-points for the glucagon stimulation test in the evaluation of GH and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axes in adults: results from a prospective randomized multicenter study","volume":"19","author":"Hamrahian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-1700","article-title":"ACTH Stimulation tests for the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"101","author":"Ospina","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib26","first-page":"1323","article-title":"Secondary adrenal insufficiency and growth hormone deficiency in patients with fibromyalgia","volume":"14","author":"Gruber","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pain Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bvab022","DOI":"10.1210\/jendso\/bvab022","article-title":"New cutoffs for the biochemical diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency after acth stimulation using specific cortisol assays","volume":"5","author":"Javorsky","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Endocr Soc"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200509-1369OC","article-title":"Diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency in severe sepsis and septic shock","volume":"174","author":"Annane","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.12528","article-title":"A\u00a0comparison of low-dose ACTH, glucagon stimulation and insulin tolerance test in patients with pituitary disorders","volume":"82","author":"Simsek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-09-0824","article-title":"Diagnostic utility of the glucagon stimulation test in comparison to the insulin tolerance test in patients following pituitary surgery","volume":"162","author":"Berg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.EJ15-0587","article-title":"Investigation of the clinical significance of the growth hormone-releasing peptide-2 test for the diagnosis of secondary adrenal failure","volume":"63","author":"Arimura","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocr J"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1210\/js.2018-00102","article-title":"Evaluation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis by the GHRP2 test: comparison with the insulin tolerance test","volume":"2","author":"Hayakawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Endocr Soc"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13267","article-title":"Management of glucocorticoid replacement in adrenal insufficiency shows notable heterogeneity - data from the EU-AIR","volume":"86","author":"Murray","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ando.2014.11.004","article-title":"An observational study on adrenal insufficiency in a French tertiary centre: real life versus theory","volume":"76","author":"Castinetti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Endocrinol (Paris)"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-17-0257","article-title":"Prednisolone has the same cardiovascular risk profile as hydrocortisone in glucocorticoid replacement","volume":"6","author":"Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocr Connect"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-16-0081","article-title":"Prednisolone is associated with a worse lipid profile than hydrocortisone in patients with adrenal insufficiency","volume":"6","author":"Quinkler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocr Connect"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ando.2014.09.003","article-title":"Self-perceived health status of patients with adrenal insufficiency receiving glucocorticoid replacement therapy - French data from a worldwide patient survey","volume":"76","author":"Touraine","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Endocrinol (Paris)"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2063","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab051","article-title":"Modified-release hydrocortisone in congenital adrenal hyperplasia","volume":"106","author":"Merke","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-108729","article-title":"Low impact of urinary cortisol in the assessment of hydrocortisone replacement therapy","volume":"48","author":"Haas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-3694","article-title":"Salivary cortisone reflects cortisol exposure under physiological conditions and after hydrocortisone","volume":"101","author":"Debono","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.4103\/aam.aam_63_19","article-title":"Knowledge and attitude of patients with adrenal insufficiency","volume":"19","author":"Bouziane","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Afr Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3676","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-0672","article-title":"A\u00a0systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials of DHEA treatment effects on quality of life in women with adrenal insufficiency","volume":"94","author":"Alkatib","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"w14586","DOI":"10.4414\/smw.2018.14586","article-title":"Evaluation of the frequency of adrenal crises and preventive measures in patients with primary and secondary adrenal insufficiency in Switzerland","volume":"148","author":"Notter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Swiss Med Wkly"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13083","article-title":"Self-management support in patients with adrenal insufficiency","volume":"85","author":"van der Meij","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.12865","article-title":"Incidence of adrenal crisis in patients with adrenal insufficiency","volume":"84","author":"Smans","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-16-0803","article-title":"Clinical features and practice patterns of treatment for adrenal crisis: a nationwide cross-sectional study in Japan","volume":"176","author":"Ono","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(20)30122-4","article-title":"Adrenal crises in older patients","volume":"8","author":"Rushworth","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-19-0469","article-title":"Association of adrenal insufficiency with patient-oriented health-care outcomes in adult medical inpatients","volume":"181","author":"Ebrahimi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1997.d01-1749.x","article-title":"Increased cerebrovascular mortality in patients with hypopituitarism","volume":"46","author":"Bulow","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"9254","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)04006-X","article-title":"Association between premature mortality and hypopituitarism. west midlands prospective hypopituitary study group","volume":"357","author":"Tomlinson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3691","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2016-2216","article-title":"Effects of hydrocortisone on the regulation of blood pressure: results from a randomized controlled trial","volume":"101","author":"Werumeus Buning","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.12624","article-title":"Higher hydrocortisone dose increases bilirubin in hypopituitary patients- results from an RCT","volume":"46","author":"Werumeus Buning","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5814","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2019-00420","article-title":"Glucocorticoid replacement affects serum adiponectin levels and hdl-c in patients with secondary adrenal insufficiency","volume":"104","author":"Hayashi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-14-1114","article-title":"Modified-release hydrocortisone decreases BMI and HbA1c in patients with primary and secondary adrenal insufficiency","volume":"172","author":"Quinkler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/2042018819871169","article-title":"Dual-release hydrocortisone improves hepatic steatosis in patients with secondary adrenal insufficiency: a real-life study","volume":"10","author":"Guarnotta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1159\/000442985","article-title":"Hydrocortisone dose influences pain, depressive symptoms and perceived health in adrenal insufficiency: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"103","author":"Werumeus Buning","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.02.001","article-title":"The effects of two different doses of hydrocortisone on cognition in patients with secondary adrenal insufficiency--results from a randomized controlled trial","volume":"55","author":"Werumeus Buning","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3325","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-020-02582-7","article-title":"Health-related quality of life in patients with non-functioning pituitary adenoma: a special focus on hydrocortisone replacement dose","volume":"29","author":"Wild","year":"2020","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13048","article-title":"Recovery of adrenal function after chronic secondary adrenal insufficiency in patients with hypopituitarism","volume":"85","author":"Munro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.3803\/EnM.2016.31.1.153","article-title":"Recovery of adrenal function in patients with glucocorticoids induced secondary adrenal insufficiency","volume":"31","author":"Baek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab (Seoul)"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13803","article-title":"Extensive clinical experience: Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis recovery after adrenalectomy for corticotropin-independent cortisol excess","volume":"89","author":"Hurtado","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13609","article-title":"Mortality data from the European Adrenal Insufficiency Registry-Patient characterization and associations","volume":"89","author":"Quinkler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ando.2017.10.010","article-title":"Group 1. Epidemiology of primary and secondary adrenal insufficiency: prevalence and incidence, acute adrenal insufficiency, long-term morbidity and mortality","volume":"78","author":"Chabre","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Endocrinol (Paris)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-17-0340","article-title":"Higher glucocorticoid replacement doses are associated with increased mortality in patients with pituitary adenoma","volume":"177","author":"Hammarstrand","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(81)90318-5","article-title":"Maternal plasma adrenocorticotropin and cortisol relationships throughout human pregnancy","volume":"139","author":"Carr","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-2395","article-title":"A\u00a0longitudinal study of plasma and urinary cortisol in pregnancy and postpartum","volume":"96","author":"Jung","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2853","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa266","article-title":"Current management and outcome of pregnancies in women with adrenal insufficiency: experience from a multicenter survey","volume":"105","author":"Bothou","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2262","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa133","article-title":"Prevention of adrenal crisis: cortisol responses to major stress compared to stress dose hydrocortisone delivery","volume":"105","author":"Prete","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3866","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-1049","article-title":"Assessment of adrenal reserve in pregnancy: defining the normal response to the adrenocorticotropin stimulation test","volume":"91","author":"Suri","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.4158\/EP15820.OR","article-title":"Performance of free versus total cortisol following cosyntropin stimulation testing in an outpatient setting","volume":"21","author":"Bancos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.14404","article-title":"The relationship between early post-operative ACTH \/ cortisol following pituitary surgery and long-term glucocorticoid requirement - do ultradian rhythms matter?","volume":"94","author":"English","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1159\/000509092","article-title":"Second-day morning cortisol levels after transsphenoidal surgery are accurate predictors of secondary adrenal insufficiency with diagnostic cut-offs similar to those in non-stressed conditions","volume":"111","author":"Prencipe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5316","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2019-00406","article-title":"Recovery of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis after transsphenoidal adenomectomy for non-ACTH-secreting macroadenomas","volume":"104","author":"Pofi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-010-0227-6","article-title":"Immediate postoperative cortisol levels accurately predict postoperative hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function after transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary tumors","volume":"13","author":"Marko","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0b013e31820cd45a","article-title":"A\u00a0comparative effectiveness analysis of alternative strategies to assess hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function after microsurgical resection of pituitary tumors","volume":"68","author":"Marko","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13334","article-title":"Prospective evaluation of a week one overnight metyrapone test with subsequent dynamic assessments of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function after pituitary surgery","volume":"87","author":"English","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13125","article-title":"Adrenal insufficiency in patients on long-term opioid analgesia","volume":"85","author":"Gibb","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2016.3156","article-title":"Opioid endocrinopathy: a clinical problem in patients with cancer pain","volume":"11","author":"Merdin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1526-4637.2002.02019.x","article-title":"Normalization of serum cortisol concentration with opioid treatment of severe chronic pain","volume":"3","author":"Tennant","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgz022","article-title":"Opioids and their endocrine effects: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"105","author":"de Vries","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2215","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.85.6.6615","article-title":"Endocrine consequences of long-term intrathecal administration of opioids","volume":"85","author":"Abs","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12661","article-title":"Chronic spinal and oral morphine-induced neuroendocrine and metabolic changes in noncancer pain patients","volume":"16","author":"Valverde-Filho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2018.04.010","article-title":"Opioid-induced adrenal insufficiency","volume":"93","author":"Donegan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-019-0754-2","article-title":"Endocrine toxicity of immune checkpoint inhibitors: a real-world study leveraging US Food and Drug Administration adverse events reporting system","volume":"7","author":"Zhai","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Immunother Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2017.3064","article-title":"Incidence of endocrine dysfunction following the use of different immune checkpoint inhibitor regimens: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Barroso-Sousa","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-14-2353","article-title":"Systemic high-dose corticosteroid treatment does not improve the outcome of ipilimumab-related hypophysitis: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"21","author":"Min","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-019-0754-2","article-title":"Endocrine toxicity of immune checkpoint inhibitors: a real-world study leveraging US Food and Drug Administration adverse events reporting system","volume":"7","author":"Zhai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1093\/jjco\/hyx018","article-title":"Isolated ACTH deficiency probably induced by autoimmune-related mechanism evoked with nivolumab","volume":"47","author":"Kitajima","year":"2017","journal-title":"Jpn J Clin Oncol"}],"container-title":["Endocrine Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1530891X21012428?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1530891X21012428?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T22:13:29Z","timestamp":1761516809000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1530891X21012428"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S1530891X21012428"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011","relation":{},"ISSN":["1530-891X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1530-891X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Secondary Adrenal Insufficiency: Recent Updates and New Directions for Diagnosis and Management","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Endocrine Practice","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 AACE. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}