{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T12:36:55Z","timestamp":1791895015424,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007427","name":"Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007427","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aacejournalendocrinepractice.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Endocrine Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T12:03:09Z","timestamp":1778587389000},"page":"1512-1521","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Long-Term Antithyroid Drug Therapy in the Management of Graves\u2019 Hyperthyroidism: An Updated Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6470-2517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fereidoun","family":"Azizi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2008.0299","article-title":"Avicenna, the first to describe thyroid-related orbitopathy","volume":"19","author":"Nabipour","year":"2009","journal-title":"Thyroid Off J Am Thyroid Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib2","first-page":"2902","article-title":"[Who was the man behind the syndrome: Ismail al-Jurjani, Testa, Flagani, Parry, Graves or Basedow? Use the term hyperthyreosis instead]","volume":"80","author":"Ljunggren","year":"1983","journal-title":"Lakartidningen"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-0184-y","article-title":"Graves' disease","volume":"6","author":"Davies","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Reviews Dis Primers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1510030","article-title":"Graves' disease","volume":"375","author":"Smith","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2020.101387","article-title":"Graves' disease: epidemiology, genetic and environmental risk factors and viruses","volume":"34","author":"Antonelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-1239","article-title":"An optimal treatment for pediatric Graves' disease is radioiodine","volume":"92","author":"Rivkees","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-1238","article-title":"The optimal treatment for pediatric Graves' disease is surgery","volume":"92","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-2998(96)80020-1","article-title":"Radioiodine and thyroid disease: the beginning","volume":"26","author":"Becker","year":"1996","journal-title":"Semin Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.1994.4.313","article-title":"Ted Astwood's intellectual legacy: some personal viewpoints","volume":"4","author":"Hershman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Thyroid Off J Am Thyroid Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.1991.1.129","article-title":"Differences and similarities in the diagnosis and treatment of Graves' disease in Europe, Japan, and the United States","volume":"1","author":"Wartofsky","year":"1991","journal-title":"Thyroid Off J Am Thyroid Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2019.0132","article-title":"Patterns of use, efficacy, and safety of treatment options for patients with Graves' disease: a nationwide population-based study","volume":"30","author":"Brito","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thyroid Off J Am Thyroid Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2956","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgae222","article-title":"A 2023 International survey of clinical practice patterns in the management of Graves disease: a decade of change","volume":"109","author":"Villagelin","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2016.0229","article-title":"2016 American Thyroid Association guidelines for diagnosis and management of hyperthyroidism and other causes of thyrotoxicosis","volume":"26","author":"Ross","year":"2016","journal-title":"Thyroid Off J Am Thyroid Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1159\/000490384","article-title":"2018 European Thyroid Association guideline for the management of graves' hyperthyroidism","volume":"7","author":"Kahaly","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Thyroid J"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5812\/ijem.102270","article-title":"A new perspective in the management of Graves\u2019 hyperthyroidism","volume":"18","author":"Azizi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.1.01904","article-title":"Effect of long-term continuous methimazole treatment of hyperthyroidism: comparison with radioiodine","volume":"152","author":"Azizi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib17","first-page":"477","article-title":"Long-term continuous methimazole or radioiodine treatment for hyperthyroidism","volume":"15","author":"Azizi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Iran Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2019.0180","article-title":"Increased remission rates after long-term methimazole therapy in patients with Graves' disease: results of a randomized clinical trial","volume":"29","author":"Azizi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Thyroid Off J Am Thyroid Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2019.0814","article-title":"Long-term treatment of hyperthyroidism with antithyroid drugs: 35 years of personal clinical experience","volume":"30","author":"Azizi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thyroid Off J Am Thyroid Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2015.0195","article-title":"Outcomes in relapsed Graves' disease patients following radioiodine or prolonged low dose of methimazole treatment","volume":"25","author":"Villagelin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thyroid Off J Am Thyroid Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-021-02725-x","article-title":"The longer the antithyroid drug is used, the lower the relapse rate in Graves' disease: a retrospective multicenter cohort study in Korea","volume":"74","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgz013","article-title":"A novel Anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody, iscalimab, for control of graves Hyperthyroidism-A proof-of-concept trial","volume":"105","author":"Kahaly","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2023.04.002","article-title":"A novel monoclonal antibody degrades the thyrotropin receptor autoantibodies in Graves' disease","volume":"29","author":"Wolf","year":"2023","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-014-0171-8","article-title":"Therapeutic effectiveness of potassium iodine in drug-na\u00efve patients with Graves' disease: a single-center experience","volume":"47","author":"Uchida","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2022.101631","article-title":"Long-term thionamide antithyroid treatment of Graves' disease","volume":"37","author":"Azizi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib26","article-title":"Antithyroid drug regimen for treating Graves' hyperthyroidism","volume":"2010","author":"Abraham","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-30-4-540","article-title":"Prediction of the long-term results of antithyroid drug therapy for thyrotoxicosis","volume":"30","author":"Alexander","year":"1970","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj1954.17.327","article-title":"Long-term result of antithyroid drug therapy for Grave's disease: follow up after more than 5 years","volume":"17","author":"Shizume","year":"1970","journal-title":"Endocrinol Jpn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2408","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1979.03300220020015","article-title":"Long-term antithyroid treatment in hyperthyroidism","volume":"242","author":"Slingerland","year":"1979","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03346433","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of patients with hyperthyroidism due to Graves' disease treated with methimazole. Comparison of usual treatment schedule with drug discontinuation vs continuous treatment with low methimazole doses: a retrospective study","volume":"31","author":"Mazza","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2010.0181","article-title":"Outcome of very long-term treatment with antithyroid drugs in Graves' hyperthyroidism associated with Graves' orbitopathy","volume":"21","author":"Elbers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thyroid Off J Am Thyroid Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2011.0039","article-title":"Sustained control of Graves' hyperthyroidism during long-term low-dose antithyroid drug therapy of patients with severe Graves' orbitopathy","volume":"21","author":"Laurberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thyroid Off J Am Thyroid Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.K10E-262","article-title":"Drug discontinuation after treatment with minimum maintenance dose of an antithyroid drug in Graves' disease: a retrospective study on effects of treatment duration with minimum maintenance dose on lasting remission","volume":"58","author":"Konishi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocr J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2016.0652","article-title":"Long-term antithyroid drug treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Azizi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Thyroid Off J Am Thyroid Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-019-01054-1","article-title":"Safety of long-term antithyroid drug treatment? A systematic review","volume":"42","author":"Azizi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2018-3034","article-title":"Long-term methimazole therapy in juvenile graves' disease: a randomized trial","volume":"143","author":"Azizi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2020.0433","article-title":"Treatment of subclinical hyperthyroidism in the elderly: comparison of radioiodine and long-term methimazole treatment","volume":"31","author":"Azizi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Thyroid Off J Am Thyroid Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-020-00670-w","article-title":"Control of Graves\u2019 hyperthyroidism with very long-term methimazole treatment: a clinical trial","volume":"21","author":"Azizi","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Endocr Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-021-01730-1","article-title":"Appropriate duration of antithyroid drug treatment as a predictor for relapse of Graves\u2019 disease: a systematic scoping review","volume":"45","author":"Azizi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1919","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-022-01823-5","article-title":"Treatment of post-radioactive iodine relapse of hyperthyroidism: comparison of long-term methimazole and radioactive iodine treatment","volume":"45","author":"Saadat","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2022.08.004","article-title":"Time to normalization and sustainable normal serum thyrotropin concentrations in patients with hyperthyroidism: Comparison of methimazole and radioactive iodine treatments","volume":"28","author":"Azizi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2023.01.006","article-title":"Long-term Follow-up of graves orbitopathy after treatment with Short- or long-term methimazole or radioactive iodine","volume":"29","author":"Azizi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-023-03656-5","article-title":"Risk of recurrence at the time of withdrawal of short- or long-term methimazole therapy in patients with Graves' hyperthyroidism: a randomized trial and a risk-scoring model","volume":"84","author":"Azizi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5812\/ijem-140956","article-title":"Sustained euthyroidism during Thionamide antithyroid drug treatment: Comparison of Short- and long-term methimazole therapy","volume":"22","author":"Saadat","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1881","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgae456","article-title":"Approach to the patient considering long-term antithyroid drug therapy for graves\u2019 disease","volume":"109","author":"Azizi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5812\/ijem-164940","article-title":"Sustained control of hyperthyroidism in Graves\u2019 disease: Comparison of thyroidectomy and long-term antithyroid treatment","volume":"24","author":"Abdi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2012.0500","article-title":"Graves' disease and toxic nodular goiter are both associated with increased mortality but differ with respect to the cause of death: a Danish population-based register study","volume":"23","author":"Brandt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2010.105","article-title":"Cardiovascular involvement in patients with different causes of hyperthyroidism","volume":"6","author":"Biondi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2301","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-00166","article-title":"Excess mortality in treated and untreated hyperthyroidism is related to cumulative periods of low serum TSH","volume":"102","author":"Lillevang-Johansen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metabo"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2018.0320","article-title":"Duration of hyperthyroidism and lack of sufficient treatment are associated with increased cardiovascular risk","volume":"29","author":"Lillevang-Johansen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-3459","article-title":"Comparison of mortality in hyperthyroidism during periods of treatment with thionamides and after radioiodine","volume":"98","author":"Boelaert","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(19)30059-2","article-title":"Primary therapy of Graves' disease and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality: a linked-record cohort study","volume":"7","author":"Okosieme","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1089\/ct.2019;31.185-188","article-title":"Long-term methimazole is as effective as radioiodine therapy for the treatment of toxic multinodular goiter","volume":"31","author":"Ganji","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Thyroidol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2006.16.295","volume":"16","author":"Carella","year":"2006","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3985","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-0966","article-title":"The effect of pregnancy on subsequent relapse from Graves' disease after a successful course of antithyroid drug therapy","volume":"93","author":"Rotondi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1555759","article-title":"Outcome prediction of treatment of graves' hyperthyroidism with antithyroid drugs","volume":"47","author":"Piantanida","year":"2015","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib57","first-page":"11","article-title":"Abnormal responses in the assay of thyrotropin","volume":"34","author":"Adams","year":"1956","journal-title":"Proc Univ Otago Med Sch"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib58","first-page":"98","article-title":"Meta-analysis evaluation of the impact of thyrotropin receptor antibodies on long term remission after medical therapy of Graves' disease","volume":"78","author":"Feldt-Rasmussen","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.EJ18-0418","article-title":"The long-term follow-up of patients with thionamide-treated Graves' hyperthyroidism","volume":"66","author":"Bandai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocr J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5812\/ijem.101139","article-title":"Long-term antithyroid drug treatment: trends in serum TSH and TSH receptor antibody changes in patients with graves\u2019 disease","volume":"18","author":"Okamura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5812\/ijem.101473","article-title":"Remission rate of graves' disease and the trend of changes in serum TSH receptor antibodies in prolonged antithyroid drug treatment","volume":"18","author":"Villagelin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1136\/postgradmedj-2015-133756","article-title":"Patients\u2019 perceptions and views of surgery and radioiodine ablation in the definitive management of Graves\u2019 disease","volume":"93","author":"Hookham","year":"2016","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.14986","article-title":"Quality of life and decision regret in patients with late-hypothyroidism after radioiodine treatment for Graves' disease","volume":"100","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-20-1490","article-title":"Preferences of patients and clinicians for treatment of Graves' disease: a discrete choice experiment","volume":"184","author":"van Kinschot","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2018.0315","volume":"29","author":"T\u00f6rring","year":"2019","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1530\/ETJ-22-0031","article-title":"Long-term methimazole therapy in Graves\u2019 hyperthyroidism and adverse reactions: a Danish multicenter study","volume":"11","author":"Karmisholt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Thyroid J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/edm2.70034","article-title":"Analysis of cost and treatment effects in the care given for Graves' disease: a Swedish cost\u2013utility analysis","volume":"8","author":"Lindholm","year":"2025","journal-title":"Endocrinol Diabetes Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2024.05.050","article-title":"Long-term retreatment outcomes after definitive management of Graves' disease with radioactive iodine versus surgery","volume":"177","author":"Engelbrecht-Wiggans","year":"2025","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.0904","article-title":"MACE and hyperthyroidism treated with medication, radioactive iodine, or thyroidectomy","volume":"7","author":"Peng","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000004828","article-title":"Outcomes of Graves\u2019 disease patients following antithyroid drugs, radioactive iodine, or thyroidectomy as the first-line treatment","volume":"273","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4776","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-2569","article-title":"Analysis of 754 cases of antithyroid drug-induced agranulocytosis over 30 years in Japan","volume":"98","author":"Nakamura","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R261","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-18-0678","article-title":"Anniversary review: antithyroid drug therapy: 70 years later","volume":"179","author":"Burch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib73","first-page":"1","article-title":"Antithyroid drugs","volume":"18","author":"Abdi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Iran J Pharm Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5812\/ijem.101487","article-title":"Long-term treatment with antithyroid drugs: efficacy and safety","volume":"18","author":"Malboosbaf","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1006\/jsre.2000.5875","article-title":"The efficacy of thyroidectomy for Graves' disease: a meta-analysis","volume":"90","author":"Palit","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2016.0500","article-title":"Postoperative outcomes in Graves' disease patients: results from the nationwide inpatient sample database","volume":"27","author":"Rubio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12041308","article-title":"Outcomes of surgical treatment for Graves' disease: a single-center experience of 216 cases","volume":"12","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.14653","article-title":"Revisiting the role of surgery in the treatment of Graves\u2019 disease","volume":"96","author":"Cohen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-105-6-900","article-title":"Radioiodine treatment of Graves' disease. An assessment of its potential risks","volume":"105","author":"Graham","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2008.03279.x","article-title":"Radioiodine therapy (RAI) for Graves' disease (GD) and the effect on ophthalmopathy: a systematic review","volume":"69","author":"Acharya","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-2329","article-title":"The dilemma of how to manage Graves' hyperthyroidism in patients with associated orbitopathy","volume":"96","author":"Bartalena","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G43","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-21-0479","article-title":"The 2021 European Group on Graves' orbitopathy (EUGOGO) clinical practice guidelines for the medical management of Graves' orbitopathy","volume":"185","author":"Bartalena","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2017.06.091","article-title":"The long-term outcomes of thyroid function after subtotal thyroidectomy for Graves' hyperthyroidism","volume":"220","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4439","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-0247","article-title":"Propylthiouracil before 131I therapy of hyperthyroid diseases: effect on cure rate evaluated by a randomized clinical trial","volume":"89","author":"Bonnema","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13873","article-title":"Predicting outcomes and complications following radioiodine therapy in Graves\u2019 thyrotoxicosis","volume":"90","author":"Aung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4964","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2016-2660","article-title":"Is a normal TSH synonymous with \"Euthyroidism\" in levothyroxine monotherapy?","volume":"101","author":"Peterson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2015.0345","article-title":"Effects of levothyroxine replacement or suppressive therapy on energy expenditure and body composition","volume":"26","author":"Samuels","year":"2016","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib88","first-page":"4533","article-title":"Systemic thyroid hormone status during levothyroxine therapy in hypothyroidism: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"103","author":"McAninch","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2002.01654.x","article-title":"Psychological well-being in patients on 'adequate' doses of l-thyroxine: results of a large, controlled community-based questionnaire study","volume":"57","author":"Saravanan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5812\/ijem.95385","article-title":"Systemic thyroid hormone status in treated Graves' disease","volume":"17","author":"Azizi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2019.0981","article-title":"Association of radioactive iodine treatment with cancer mortality in patients with hyperthyroidism","volume":"179","author":"Kitahara","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0000000000002792","article-title":"Spotlight on the association of radioactive iodine treatment with cancer mortality in patients with hyperthyroidism is keeping the highest risk from antithyroid drugs in the blind spot","volume":"44","author":"Tulchinsky","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1177\/10507256251372193","article-title":"Mortality risks associated with antithyroid drugs, radioactive iodine, and surgery for hyperthyroidism: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"35","author":"Peng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1986.tb01674.x","article-title":"Effect of the anti-thyroid drug methimazole on interleukin-1 and interleukin-2 levels in vitro","volume":"25","author":"Weetman","year":"1986","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-895X(24)12506-0","article-title":"Methimazole as an antioxidant and immunomodulator in thyroid cells: mechanisms involving interferon-gamma signaling and H(2)O(2) scavenging","volume":"60","author":"Kim","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2024.12.012","article-title":"Management aspects of medical therapy in Grave\u2019s disease","volume":"31","author":"Shah","year":"2025","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"}],"container-title":["Endocrine Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1530891X26009730?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1530891X26009730?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T20:36:27Z","timestamp":1790800587000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1530891X26009730"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S1530891X26009730"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005","relation":{},"ISSN":["1530-891X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1530-891X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Long-Term Antithyroid Drug Therapy in the Management of Graves\u2019 Hyperthyroidism: An Updated Narrative Review","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Endocrine Practice","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.05.005","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of the AACE.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}