{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T13:31:53Z","timestamp":1793280713433,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aacejournalendocrinepractice.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Endocrine Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T23:15:59Z","timestamp":1791414959000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Resistance to Thyroid Hormone Alpha: Clinical Spectrum, Diagnostic Clues, and Therapeutic Strategies \u2013 A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.1016","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3225-4259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bushra","family":"Amer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5789-0985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albaraa","family":"Haidarah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7533-8726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5681-6522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.B.M.","family":"Kamrul-Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00030.2013","article-title":"Thyroid hormone regulation of metabolism","volume":"94","author":"Mullur","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111173","article-title":"The hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT)-axis and its role in physiology and pathophysiology of other hypothalamus-pituitary functions","volume":"525","author":"Feldt-Rasmussen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1291856","article-title":"Receptor modulators associated with the hypothalamus -pituitary-thyroid axis","volume":"14","author":"Cheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2010-0095","article-title":"Minireview: thyroid hormone transporters: the knowns and the unknowns","volume":"25","author":"Visser","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2008-1588","article-title":"Defining the roles of the iodothyronine deiodinases: current concepts and challenges","volume":"150","author":"St. Germain","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118_bib6","first-page":"184","article-title":"Thyroid hormone receptors: multiple forms, multiple possibilities","volume":"14","author":"Lazar","year":"1993","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2009-0007","article-title":"Molecular aspects of thyroid hormone actions","volume":"31","author":"Cheng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3853","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2015-1468","article-title":"Age-related hearing loss and degeneration of cochlear hair cells in mice lacking thyroid hormone receptor \u03b21","volume":"156","author":"Ng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1097\/00060793-199610000-00009","article-title":"Gene regulation by thyroid hormone receptors","volume":"3","author":"Horlein","year":"1996","journal-title":"Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-27-2-279","article-title":"Familial syndrome combining deaf-mutism, stuppled epiphyses, goiter and abnormally high PBI: possible target organ refractoriness to thyroid hormone","volume":"27","author":"Refetoff","year":"1967","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8977","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.22.8977","article-title":"Generalized resistance to thyroid hormone associated with a mutation in the ligand-binding domain of the human thyroid hormone receptor beta","volume":"86","author":"Sakurai","year":"1989","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.18544\/PEDM-23.04.0095","article-title":"Thyroid hormone resistance syndrome - own experiences","volume":"23","author":"Jackowski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr Endocrinol Diabetes Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-7902-8_18","article-title":"Human genetics of thyroid hormone receptor beta: resistance to thyroid hormone beta (RTH\u03b2)","volume":"1801","author":"Pappa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1110296","article-title":"A mutation in the thyroid hormone receptor Alpha gene","volume":"366","author":"Bochukova","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.ctdb.2017.02.001","article-title":"Resistance to thyroid hormone due to heterozygous mutations in thyroid hormone receptor Alpha","volume":"125","author":"van Gucht","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Top Dev Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1530\/ETJ-24-0125","article-title":"2024 European Thyroid Association Guidelines on diagnosis and management of genetic disorders of thyroid hormone transport, metabolism and action","volume":"13","author":"Persani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Thyroid J"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2636","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2016-2317","article-title":"Resistance to thyroid hormone \u03b1\u2013Emerging definition of a disorder of thyroid hormone action","volume":"101","author":"Moran","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(14)70111-1","article-title":"Resistance to thyroid hormone caused by a mutation in thyroid hormone receptor (TR)\u03b11 and TR\u03b12: clinical, biochemical, and genetic analyses of three related patients","volume":"2","author":"Moran","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4254","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-2215","article-title":"An adult female with resistance to thyroid hormone mediated by defective thyroid hormone receptor \u03b1","volume":"98","author":"Moran","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2015.0463","article-title":"Resistance to thyroid hormone alpha in an 18-Month-Old girl: clinical, therapeutic, and molecular characteristics","volume":"26","author":"Van Gucht","year":"2016","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3029","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-1050","article-title":"Clinical phenotype of a new type of thyroid hormone resistance caused by a mutation of the TR\u03b11 receptor: consequences of LT4 treatment","volume":"98","author":"Van Mullem","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2945","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2016-1404","article-title":"Diverse genotypes and phenotypes of three novel thyroid hormone Receptor-\u03b1 mutations","volume":"101","author":"Demir","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"D1","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D1062","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkx1153","article-title":"ClinVar: improving access to variant interpretations and supporting evidence","volume":"46","author":"Landrum","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2017.0157","article-title":"Contrasting phenotypes in resistance to thyroid hormone Alpha correlate with divergent properties of thyroid hormone receptor \u03b11 mutant proteins","volume":"27","author":"Moran","year":"2017","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2841","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-1120","article-title":"A novel mutation in THRA gene associated with an atypical phenotype of resistance to thyroid hormone","volume":"100","author":"Espiard","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2015.07.007","article-title":"Resistance to thyroid hormone due to defective thyroid receptor alpha","volume":"29","author":"Moran","year":"2015","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2016.0373","article-title":"In vivo functional consequences of human THRAVariants expressed in the zebrafish","volume":"27","author":"Marelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.2001.81.3.1097","article-title":"Physiological and molecular basis of thyroid hormone action","volume":"81","author":"Yen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.14.2.121","article-title":"The coregulator exchange in transcriptional functions of nuclear receptors","volume":"14","author":"Glass","year":"2000","journal-title":"Genes Dev"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2019.0019","article-title":"The in vitro functional impairment of thyroid hormone receptor Alpha 1 isoform mutants is mainly dictated by reduced ligand sensitivity","volume":"29","author":"Wejaphikul","year":"2019","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"42","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17462","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1107474108","article-title":"Resistance to thyroid hormone is modulated in vivo by the nuclear receptor corepressor (NCOR1)","volume":"108","author":"Fozzatti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3035","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI60047","article-title":"Mechanisms of thyroid hormone action","volume":"122","author":"Brent","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3312","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-38960-1","article-title":"Resistance to thyroid hormone induced tachycardia in RTH\u03b1 syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Dore","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2019.0602","article-title":"Two novel cases of resistance to thyroid hormone due to THRA mutation","volume":"30","author":"Le Maire","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqz177","article-title":"Quantifying energy expenditure in childhood: utility in managing pediatric metabolic disorders","volume":"110","author":"Watson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-021-03976-6","article-title":"Low free thyroxine and normal thyroid-stimulating hormone in infants and children: possible causes and diagnostic work-up","volume":"180","author":"Lauffer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00912","article-title":"Thyroid hormone hyposensitivity: from genotype to phenotype and back","volume":"10","author":"Rurale","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e226","DOI":"10.5001\/omj.2021.20","article-title":"Thyroid Hormone Resistance due to a Novel De Novo Mutation in Thyroid Hormone Receptor Alpha: first Case Report from the Middle East and North Africa","volume":"36","author":"Al Shidhani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oman Med J"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1210\/js.2019-00011","article-title":"New case of thyroid hormone resistance \u03b1 caused by a mutation of THRA\/TR\u03b11","volume":"3","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Endocr Soc"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1113940","article-title":"Clinical phenotype and mutant TR\u03b11","volume":"366","author":"Van Mullem","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1136\/jmedgenet-2014-102936","article-title":"Thyroid hormone resistance syndrome due to mutations in the thyroid hormone receptor \u03b1 gene (THRA)","volume":"52","author":"Tylki-Szyma\u0144ska","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Med Genet"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2020.0391","article-title":"Germ line mutations in the thyroid hormone receptor Alpha gene predispose to cutaneous tags and melanocytic Nevi","volume":"31","author":"Di Cicco","year":"2021","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1210\/jendso\/bvad089","article-title":"Clinical and biochemical characteristics of untreated adult patients with resistance to thyroid hormone alpha","volume":"7","author":"Dahll","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Endocr Soc"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.3803\/EnM.2021.1150","article-title":"The role of thyroid hormone in the regulation of cerebellar development","volume":"36","author":"Ishii","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"45","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22754","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1908762116","article-title":"Mutations in thyroid hormone receptor \u03b11 cause premature neurogenesis and progenitor cell depletion in human cortical development","volume":"116","author":"Krieger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpendmet0424","article-title":"Thyroid hormone receptors in brain development and function","volume":"3","author":"Bernal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5079","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/cdf523","article-title":"Retardation of post-natal development caused by a negatively acting thyroid hormone receptor \u03b11","volume":"21","author":"Tinnikov","year":"2002","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5338","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22105338","article-title":"A new mechanism in THRAResistance: the first disease-associated variant leading to an increased inhibitory function of THRA2","volume":"22","author":"Paisdzior","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1919","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.1838","article-title":"Analysis and functional characterization of sequence variations in ligand binding domain of thyroid hormone receptors in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) patients","volume":"10","author":"Kalikiri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Autism Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118_bib50","first-page":"291","article-title":"THRAgene mutation in a child with congenital hypothyroidism","volume":"57","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3792","article-title":"Whole-genome sequencing of quartet families with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"21","author":"Yuen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2008.01031.x","article-title":"Severe psychomotor and metabolic damages caused by a mutant thyroid hormone receptor alpha 1 in mice: can patients with a similar mutation be found and treated?","volume":"97","author":"Vennstr\u00f6m","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2020.0332","article-title":"Thyroid hormone receptor \u03b1 mutations cause heart defects in zebrafish","volume":"31","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2053","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17132053","article-title":"Lifestyle interventions to tackle cardiovascular risk in thyroid hormone signaling disorders","volume":"17","author":"Rodolfi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.EJ21-0059","article-title":"An overview of thyroid function tests in subjects with resistance to thyroid hormone and related disorders","volume":"68","author":"Tagami","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocr J"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s13044-015-0017-3","article-title":"Rare thyroid non-neoplastic diseases","volume":"8","author":"Lacka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thyroid Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-017-0753-4","article-title":"Thyroid diseases and bone health","volume":"41","author":"Williams","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.3390\/ijns11030065","article-title":"Is it time to expand newborn screening for congenital hypothyroidism to other rare thyroid diseases?","volume":"11","author":"Olivieri","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Neonatal Screen"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8585","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25168585","article-title":"Normal values for the fT3\/fT4 ratio: centile charts (0-29 years) and their application for the differential diagnosis of children with developmental delay","volume":"25","author":"Wilpert","year":"2024","journal-title":"IJMS"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1159\/000539348","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of children with THRAMutations: variable phenotype and good response to recombinant human growth hormone therapy","volume":"98","author":"Andrade","year":"2025","journal-title":"Horm Res Paediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118_bib61","series-title":". Pediatric Endocrinology [Internet]","first-page":"419","article-title":"Resistance to Thyroid Hormone (RTH) and resistance to TSH (RTSH)","author":"Dumitrescu","year":"2018"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2022-0345","article-title":"Thyroid function tests of iodine deficiency goiter can mimic thyroid hormone resistance alpha","volume":"35","author":"Sasidharan Pillai","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4274\/jcrpe.galenos.2020.2019.0190","article-title":"The clinical spectrum of resistance to thyroid hormone alpha in children and adults","volume":"13","author":"Erba\u015f","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R44","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-18-0515","article-title":"The diagnosis and management of central hypothyroidism in 2018","volume":"8","author":"Persani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocr Connect"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(15)00225-9","article-title":"Thyroid function in critically ill patients","volume":"3","author":"Fliers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2024.1444919","article-title":"Unmet patient needs in monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8) deficiency: a review","volume":"12","author":"Bauer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e175","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaf311","article-title":"MCT8 deficiency in females","volume":"111","author":"Groeneweg","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1086\/431313","article-title":"Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome and the monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8) gene","volume":"77","author":"Schwartz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.3390\/ijns11030066","article-title":"MCT8 deficiency in infancy: opportunities for early diagnosis and screening","volume":"11","author":"Dubinski","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Neonatal Screen"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.656551","article-title":"Resistance to thyroid hormone beta: a focused review","volume":"12","author":"Pappa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1855","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-023-02043-1","article-title":"Long-term follow-up results and treatment outcomes of children and adults with resistance to thyroid hormone alpha","volume":"46","author":"Erba\u015f","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2020.0695","article-title":"Early diagnosis and treatment of an infant with a novel thyroid hormone receptor \u03b1 gene (pC380SfsX9) mutation","volume":"31","author":"Furman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3491","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-02794","article-title":"Insight into molecular determinants of T3 vs T4 recognition from mutations in thyroid hormone receptor \u03b1 and \u03b2","volume":"104","author":"Wejaphikul","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3699","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2013-2156","article-title":"Thyroid hormone receptor \u03b1 mutation causes a severe and thyroxine-resistant skeletal dysplasia in female mice","volume":"155","author":"Bassett","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1159\/000360637","article-title":"Clinical consequences of mutations in thyroid hormone Receptor-\u03b11","volume":"3","author":"van Mullem","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Thyroid J"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118_bib76","first-page":"788","article-title":"Thyroxine treatment of adult RTH\u03b1 patients: safety, efficacy, and metabolomic changes","volume":"36","author":"Westbye","year":"2026","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mcb.00363-21","article-title":"Structure-guided approach to relieving transcriptional repression in resistance to thyroid hormone \u03b1","volume":"42","author":"Romartinez-Alonso","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1021\/cb600311v","article-title":"Design and characterization of a thyroid hormone receptor \u03b1 (TR\u03b1)-specific agonist","volume":"1","author":"Ocasio","year":"2006","journal-title":"ACS Chem Biol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2651","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddt660","article-title":"A histone deacetylase inhibitor improves hypothyroidism caused by a TR\u03b11 mutant","volume":"23","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"}],"container-title":["Endocrine Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1530891X26012656?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1530891X26012656?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T12:34:13Z","timestamp":1793277253000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1530891X26012656"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":79,"alternative-id":["S1530891X26012656"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118","relation":{},"ISSN":["1530-891X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1530-891X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Resistance to Thyroid Hormone Alpha: Clinical Spectrum, Diagnostic Clues, and Therapeutic Strategies \u2013 A Narrative Review","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Endocrine Practice","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.09.118","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 AACE. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}