{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:54:57Z","timestamp":1790902497651,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775520000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","ero.eular.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["EULAR Rheumatology Open"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T00:38:57Z","timestamp":1779842337000},"page":"100178","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Potential new targets for rheumatic diseases"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9156-5095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juergen","family":"Braun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Falk","family":"Hiepe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2022-223356","article-title":"EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with synthetic and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: 2022 update","volume":"82","author":"Smolen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-024-01053-9","article-title":"Targeting the TNF and TNFR superfamilies in autoimmune disease and cancer","volume":"23","author":"Croft","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov."},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5827","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14165827","article-title":"Promising molecular therapeutic targets for drug development in rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"14","author":"Chung","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1387585","article-title":"Comparative efficacy of five approved Janus kinase inhibitors as monotherapy and combination therapy in patients with moderate-to-severe active rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"15","author":"Cai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1080\/13543784.2023.2199919","article-title":"JAK inhibitors for rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"32","author":"Kubo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert Opin Investig Drugs."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2024.2400294","article-title":"Nociplastic pain in axial spondyloarthritis and psoriatic arthritis: role of JAK kinases in immunopathology and therapeutic impact of JAK inhibitors","volume":"21","author":"Horbal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Expert Rev Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103892","article-title":"Understanding the effects of Janus kinase inhibitors on the cardiovascular system in comparison to main biological DMARDs in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"24","author":"Zavoriti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-023-01062-9","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of JAK inhibitors in rheumatoid arthritis: update for the practising clinician","volume":"20","author":"Szekanecz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol."},{"issue":"26","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2518","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1903076","article-title":"Nintedanib for systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease","volume":"380","author":"Distler","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0010","article-title":"Bruton's tyrosine kinase - A new target for immune mediated inflammatory diseases?","volume":"72S","author":"Isaacs","year":"2025","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2021.03.006","article-title":"Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: beyond ibrutinib","volume":"35","author":"Lasica","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hematol Oncol Clin."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41275","article-title":"Fenebrutinib versus placebo or adalimumab in rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized, double-blind, phase II trial (ANDES Study)","volume":"72","author":"Cohen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0013","article-title":"A novel dual Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase\/Janus Kinase 3 inhibitor Wj1113 and its therapeutic effects on rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"MedComm 2020"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.934","article-title":"Immunomodulatory role of spleen tyrosine kinase in chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases","volume":"11","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immun Inflamm Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.00897","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of multiple dosages of fostamatinib in adult patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Kang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0016","article-title":"Neoplasm risk in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with fostamatinib: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1177\/10600280231153863","article-title":"Deucravacitinib: the first FDA-approved oral TYK2 inhibitor for moderate to severe plaque psoriasis","volume":"58","author":"Truong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2021-221664","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of selective TYK2 inhibitor, deucravacitinib, in a phase II trial in psoriatic arthritis","volume":"81","author":"Mease","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis."},{"issue":"10510","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)01576-4","article-title":"Once-daily oral icotrokinra versus placebo and once-daily oral deucravacitinib in participants with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis (ICONIC-ADVANCE 1 & 2): two phase 3, randomised, placebo-controlled and active-comparator-controlled trials","volume":"406","author":"Gold","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.58","article-title":"Inflammasomes: mechanism of assembly, regulation and signalling","volume":"16","author":"Broz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1002\/art.43215","article-title":"Gout and NLRP3 inflammasome biology","volume":"77","author":"Poulsen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e270","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(20)30065-5","article-title":"Dapansutrile, an oral selective NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor, for treatment of gout flares: an open-label, dose-adaptive, proof-of-concept, phase 2a trial","volume":"2","author":"Kl\u00fcck","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1285554","article-title":"Immune checkpoints in rheumatoid arthritis: progress and promise","volume":"14","author":"Small","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2025.152773","article-title":"Two clinical subgroups of immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced inflammatory arthritis determined by latent class analysis","volume":"74","author":"Cappelli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum."},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2209856","article-title":"A phase 2 trial of peresolimab for adults with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"388","author":"Tuttle","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115162","article-title":"Toward immune tolerance in rheumatoid arthritis: emerging immunotherapies and targets for long-term remission","volume":"162","author":"Afshari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/cbf.3895","article-title":"A better understanding of the role of the CTLA-CD80\/86 axis in the treatment of autoimmune diseases","volume":"42","author":"Darvish","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Biochem Funct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1080\/14740338.2025.2505542","article-title":"Mechanism and clinical utility of abatacept in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"25","author":"Su","year":"2025","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Saf."},{"issue":"10372","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)02037-2","article-title":"An anti-OX40 antibody to treat moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis: a multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2b study","volume":"401","author":"Guttman-Yassky","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1644391","article-title":"Generation of novel human anti-OX-40 mAbs endowed with different biological properties as tools for cancer therapy","volume":"16","author":"Rapuano Lembo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2018.12.005","article-title":"Targeting the CD40-CD40L pathway in autoimmune diseases: humoral immunity and beyond","volume":"141","author":"Karnell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03009-3","article-title":"CD40 ligand antagonist dazodalibep in Sj\u00f6gren's disease: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial","volume":"30","author":"St Clair","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2023-003317","article-title":"The MIDORA trial: a phase II, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, mechanistic insight and dosage optimisation study of the efficacy and safety of dazodalibep in patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"9","author":"Kivitz","year":"2023","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5397","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keab381","article-title":"Phase 2, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of dapirolizumab pegol in patients with moderate-to-severe active systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"60","author":"Furie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"10452","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01211-X","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of subcutaneous iscalimab (CFZ533) in two distinct populations of patients with Sj\u00f6gren's disease (TWINSS): week 24 results of a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2b dose-ranging study","volume":"404","author":"Fisher","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4393","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-06-225979","article-title":"Increasing the efficacy of CD20 antibody therapy through the engineering of a new type II anti-CD20 antibody with enhanced direct and immune effector cell-mediated B-cell cytotoxicity","volume":"115","author":"M\u00f6ssner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2410965","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of obinutuzumab in active lupus nephritis","volume":"392","author":"Furie","year":"2025","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4905","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keac150","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of obinutuzumab in systemic lupus erythematosus patients with secondary non-response to rituximab","volume":"61","author":"Arnold","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2409712","article-title":"MITIGATE Trial Investigators. Inebilizumab for Treatment of IgG4-Related Disease","volume":"392","author":"Stone","year":"2025","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e751","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(24)00162-0","article-title":"Attainment of remission and low disease activity after treatment with belimumab in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a post-hoc analysis of pooled data from five randomised clinical trials","volume":"6","author":"Parodis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.7326\/M21-2078","article-title":"Effectiveness of belimumab after rituximab in systemic lupus erythematosus: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"174","author":"Shipa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2024-225686","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of sequential therapy with subcutaneous belimumab and one cycle of rituximab in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: the phase 3, randomised, placebo-controlled BLISS-BELIEVE study","volume":"83","author":"Aranow","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/lupus-2024-001424","article-title":"Long-term safety and efficacy of the combination of belimumab and rituximab in the treatment of severe and refractory SLE: a preliminary report","volume":"12","author":"van Schaik","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lupus Sci Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2022.06.013","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of belimumab in patients with lupus nephritis: subgroup analyses of a phase 3 randomized trial in the East Asian population","volume":"81","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00433","article-title":"Systematic review of safety and efficacy of atacicept in treating immune-mediated disorders","volume":"11","author":"Kaegi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2510198","article-title":"A phase 3 trial of atacicept in patients with IgA nephropathy","volume":"394","author":"Lafayette","year":"2026","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5811","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S493923","article-title":"The latest progress in the application of telitacicept in autoimmune diseases","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drug Des Devel Ther."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2414719","article-title":"A phase 3 trial of telitacicept for systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"393","author":"van Vollenhoven","year":"2025","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103852","article-title":"The role of B cells in Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome and their impact on the nervous system","volume":"24","author":"Su","year":"2025","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1002\/art.43059","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of Ianalumab in patients with Sj\u00f6gren's disease: 52-week results from a randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 2b dose-ranging study","volume":"77","author":"D\u00f6rner","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2023325","article-title":"Targeting CD38 with daratumumab in refractory systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"383","author":"Ostendorf","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-026-69112-w","article-title":"Daratumumab in systemic lupus erythematosus: a single-arm phase 2 trial","volume":"17","author":"Ostendorf","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.756941","article-title":"Clinical experience of proteasome inhibitor Bortezomib regarding efficacy and safety in severe systemic lupus erythematosus: a nationwide study","volume":"12","author":"Walhelm","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"issue":"10289","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2070","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00578-X","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of voclosporin versus placebo for lupus nephritis (AURORA 1): a double-blind, randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial","volume":"397","author":"Rovin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1093\/cei\/uxae031","article-title":"Disrupting B and T-cell collaboration in autoimmune disease: T-cell engagers versus CAR T-cell therapy?","volume":"217","author":"Shah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol."},{"issue":"10416","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2034","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01126-1","article-title":"CAR T-cell therapy in autoimmune diseases","volume":"402","author":"Schett","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2025.08.004","article-title":"Characterization of anti-CD3 antibodies in clinically available bispecific T cell engagers","volume":"62","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Semin Hematol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ard.2025.06.2128","article-title":"BCMA-targeted CAR T cell therapy can effectively induce disease remission in refractory lupus nephritis","volume":"84","author":"Hu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2407150","article-title":"Teclistamab-induced remission in refractory systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"391","author":"Alexander","year":"2024","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3423","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-38723-y","article-title":"Neutralizing IFN\u03b3 improves safety without compromising efficacy of CAR-T cell therapy in B-cell malignancies","volume":"14","author":"Manni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2024-225661","article-title":"HLA-B27 and the role of specific T cell receptors in the pathogenesis of spondyloarthritis","volume":"83","author":"Braun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis."},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ii4","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keae522","article-title":"Pathogenic T-cell clones in axial spondyloarthritis: what is the evidence?","volume":"63","author":"Penkava","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(90)90051-A","article-title":"Guilt by association: HLA-B27 and ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"11","author":"Benjamin","year":"1990","journal-title":"Immunol Today"},{"issue":"7941","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05501-7","article-title":"Autoimmunity-associated T cell receptors recognize HLA-B*27-bound peptides","volume":"612","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2731","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02613-z","article-title":"Targeted depletion of TRBV9 T cells as immunotherapy in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"29","author":"Britanova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.47360\/1995-4484-2024-65-80","article-title":"Effectiveness and safety of BCD180, anti-TRBV9 T-lymphocytes monoclonal antibody in patients with active radiographic axial spondyloarthritis: 36-week results of double-blind randomized placebo-controlled phase II clinical study ELEFTA","volume":"62","author":"Nasonov","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rheumatol Sci Pract."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00159-9","article-title":"Safety, efficacy, and tolerability of efgartigimod in patients with generalised myasthenia gravis (ADAPT): a multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial","volume":"20","author":"Howard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/ti.2024.13886","article-title":"Desensitization with imlifidase for HLA-incompatible deceased donor kidney transplantation: a Delphi international expert consensus","volume":"37","author":"Furian","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transpl Int."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i12","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keaf539","article-title":"Targeting the complement system in ANCA-associated vasculitis management","volume":"65","author":"de Groot","year":"2026","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2023386","article-title":"Avacopan for the treatment of ANCA-associated vasculitis","volume":"384","author":"Jayne","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2345","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kead568","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of anifrolumab therapy in systemic lupus erythematosus in real-world clinical practice: LOOPS registry","volume":"63","author":"Miyazaki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1002\/art.42392","article-title":"A randomized, placebo-controlled phase III extension trial of the long-term safety and tolerability of anifrolumab in active systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"75","author":"Kalunian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e485","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(25)00022-0","article-title":"Long-term effect of anifrolumab on patient-reported outcomes in systemic lupus erythematosus (TULIP-LTE): a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 long-term extension trial","volume":"7","author":"Strand","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1911326","article-title":"Emapalumab in children with primary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis","volume":"382","author":"Locatelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2022-223739","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of emapalumab in macrophage activation syndrome","volume":"82","author":"De Benedetti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1080\/13543784.2025.2473060","article-title":"A focused report on IFN-1 targeted therapies for lupus erythematosus","volume":"34","author":"Bhatt","year":"2025","journal-title":"Expert Opin Investig Drugs."},{"issue":"10473","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)02071-3","article-title":"Efficacy, safety, and target engagement of dazukibart, an IFN\u03b2 specific monoclonal antibody, in adults with dermatomyositis: a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial","volume":"405","author":"Fiorentino","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2118024","article-title":"Trial of Anti-BDCA2 antibody litifilimab for cutaneous lupus erythematosus","volume":"387","author":"Werth","year":"2022","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2118025","article-title":"Trial of Anti-BDCA2 antibody litifilimab for systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"387","author":"Furie","year":"2022","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40420","article-title":"Mavrilimumab, a fully human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor \u03b1 monoclonal antibody: long-term safety and efficacy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"70","author":"Burmester","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2021-221865","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of mavrilimumab in giant cell arteritis: a phase 2, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"81","author":"Cid","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e341","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(23)00101-7","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of secukinumab in patients with giant cell arteritis (TitAIN): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial","volume":"5","author":"Venhoff","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0082","unstructured":"Clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT04930094. Phase III study of efficacy and safety of secukinumab versus placebo, in combination with glucocorticoid taper regimen, in patients with giant cell arteritis (GCA) (GCAptAIN)."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5118","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keaf250","article-title":"Secukinumab is effective and safe for patients with giant cell arteritis after tocilizumab failure","volume":"64","author":"Tomelleri","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2013","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2413449","article-title":"A phase 3 trial of upadacitinib for giant-cell arteritis","volume":"392","author":"Blockmans","year":"2025","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/acr2.70094","article-title":"Giant cell arteritis refractory to interleukin-6 and interleukin-17 inhibition treated with upadacitinib","volume":"7","author":"Vest","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACR Open Rheumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1440584","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of iguratimod in the treatment of inflammatory arthritis and degenerative arthritis","volume":"15","author":"Long","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1150661","article-title":"Research progress on the clinical application and mechanism of iguratimod in the treatment of autoimmune diseases and rheumatic diseases","volume":"14","author":"Long","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(24)00246-7","article-title":"Cenerimod, a sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulator, versus placebo in patients with moderate-to-severe systemic lupus erythematosus (CARE): an international, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial","volume":"7","author":"Askanase","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2020-001258","article-title":"Therapeutic implications of the anergic\/post-activated status of B cells in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"6","author":"D\u00f6rner","year":"2020","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keab699","article-title":"SM03, an anti-human CD22 monoclonal antibody, for active rheumatoid arthritis: a phase II, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"61","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2019-eular.2794","article-title":"THU0186 safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of MBS2320, a selective modulator of immune metabolism, in healthy volunteers and patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"78","author":"Patel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1972","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/key173","article-title":"Dual inhibition of tumour necrosis factor and interleukin-17A with ABT-122: open-label long-term extension studies in rheumatoid arthritis or psoriatic arthritis","volume":"57","author":"Genovese","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40579","article-title":"Phase II study of ABT-122, a tumor necrosis factor- and interleukin-17A-targeted dual variable domain immunoglobulin, in patients with psoriatic arthritis with an inadequate response to methotrexate","volume":"70","author":"Mease","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1002\/art.42415","volume":"75","author":"Buttgereit","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1002\/art.43266","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of ABBV-154 for the treatment of active rheumatoid arthritis: a phase 2b, randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"77","author":"Buttgereit","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"issue":"10284","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00440-2","article-title":"IL17A\/F nanobody sonelokimab in patients with plaque psoriasis: a multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 2b study","volume":"397","author":"Papp","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4160","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-03971-6","article-title":"Sonelokimab, an IL-17A\/IL-17F-inhibiting nanobody for active psoriatic arthritis: a randomized, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial","volume":"31","author":"McInnes","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keae440","article-title":"Long-term efficacy of MAS825, a bispecific anti-IL1\u03b2 and IL-18 monoclonal antibody, in two patients with systemic JIA and recurrent episodes of macrophage activation syndrome","volume":"64","author":"Caorsi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ard.2025.06.2130","article-title":"Development of bispecific antibodies that drive selective targeted local complement inhibition on rheumatoid arthritis-related antigens","volume":"84","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102038","article-title":"What's new on the horizon for rheumatoid arthritis management","volume":"39","author":"Cheema","year":"2025","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0101","article-title":"Biomimetic nanoplatform for targeted rheumatoid arthritis therapy: modulating macrophage niches through self-sustaining positive feedback-driven drug release mechanisms","volume":"12","author":"Xie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv Sci (Weinh)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-024-03085-0","article-title":"Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis using dual-targeted and dual-response intelligent micelles: a \"three birds with one stone\" strategy","volume":"23","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Nanobiotechnology."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-03718-3","article-title":"BCMA CAR T cells in a patient with relapsing idiopathic inflammatory myositis after initial and repeat therapy with CD19 CAR T cells","volume":"31","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178_bib0104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-026-04238-4","article-title":"Bispecific T cell engagers for treatment-refractory autoimmune connective tissue diseases","volume":"32","author":"D\u00fcsing","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat Med."}],"container-title":["EULAR Rheumatology Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S3050708126000777?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S3050708126000777?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:18:17Z","timestamp":1790900297000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S3050708126000777"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":105,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S3050708126000777"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178","relation":{},"ISSN":["3050-7081"],"issn-type":[{"value":"3050-7081","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Potential new targets for rheumatic diseases","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"EULAR Rheumatology Open","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ero.2026.100178","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology (EULAR).","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100178"}}