{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T09:19:02Z","timestamp":1771665542115,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727740800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727740800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]],"date-time":"2024-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006689","name":"Associazione Sarda per la Ricerca in Oncologia Ginecologica ONLUS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006689","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["esmoopen.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ESMO Open"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]],"date-time":"2024-10-10T02:47:26Z","timestamp":1728528446000},"page":"103738","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Leptin as a surrogate immune-metabolic marker to predict impact of anti-cachectic therapy: results of a prospective randomized trial in multiple solid tumors"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8940-6987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C.","family":"Madeddu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Gramignano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0815-873X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G.","family":"Pinna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Tanca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.C.","family":"Cherchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Floris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Farci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0262-9270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.","family":"Pretta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Scartozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Macci\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-023-00734-5","article-title":"Cancer-associated cachexia \u2013 understanding the tumour macroenvironment and microenvironment to improve management","volume":"20","author":"Argil\u00e9s","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(10)70218-7","article-title":"Definition and classification of cancer cachexia: an international consensus","volume":"12","author":"Fearon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2023.03.028","article-title":"Cachexia: a systemic consequence of progressive, unresolved disease","volume":"186","author":"Ferrer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2890","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22062890","article-title":"Cachexia as evidence of the mechanisms of resistance and tolerance during the evolution of cancer disease","volume":"22","author":"Maccio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1006\/gyno.1998.4974","article-title":"High serum levels of soluble IL-2 receptor, cytokines, and C reactive protein correlate with impairment of T cell response in patients with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer","volume":"69","author":"Macci\u00f2","year":"1998","journal-title":"Gynecol Oncol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-023-02200-6","article-title":"Cancer cachexia and chronic inflammation: an unbreakable bond","volume":"128","author":"Macci\u00f2","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2012.209","article-title":"Understanding the mechanisms and treatment options in cancer cachexia","volume":"10","author":"Fearon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-020-0251-4","article-title":"Understanding cachexia in the context of metastatic progression","volume":"20","author":"Biswas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevOncog.v9.i2.10","article-title":"Cytokine involvement in cancer anorexia\/cachexia: role of megestrol acetate and medroxyprogesterone acetate on cytokine downregulation and improvement of clinical symptoms","volume":"9","author":"Mantovani","year":"1998","journal-title":"Crit Rev Oncog"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1007\/s001090000137","article-title":"Serum levels of leptin and proinflammatory cytokines in patients with advanced-stage cancer at different sites","volume":"78","author":"Mantovani","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Mol Med"},{"issue":"9B","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3951","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2008.00408.x","article-title":"Interleukin-6 and leptin as markers of energy metabolic changes in advanced ovarian cancer patients","volume":"13","author":"Macci\u00f2","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cell Mol Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.10143","article-title":"Quantitative evaluation of oxidative stress, chronic inflammatory indices and leptin in cancer patients: correlation with stage and performance status","volume":"98","author":"Mantovani","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1007\/s001090100234","article-title":"Serum values of proinflammatory cytokines are inversely correlated with serum leptin levels in patients with advanced stage cancer at different sites","volume":"79","author":"Mantovani","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Mol Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib14","article-title":"Association of systemic inflammation and sarcopenia with survival in nonmetastatic colorectal cancer: results from the C SCANS study","volume":"3","author":"Feliciano","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12912","article-title":"A\u00a0systematic review examining the relationship between cytokines and cachexia in incurable cancer","volume":"13","author":"Paval","year":"2022","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2011.07.010","article-title":"Is IL-6 the best pro-inflammatory biomarker of clinical outcomes of cancer cachexia?","volume":"31","author":"Scheede-Bergdahl","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s10147-008-0856-1","article-title":"Ghrelin and leptin levels in cachectic patients with cancer of the digestive organs","volume":"14","author":"Takahashi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/1179554917690144","article-title":"Effects of serum leptin and resistin levels on cancer cachexia in patients with advanced-stage non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"11","author":"Demiray","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Med Insights Oncol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E567","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00315.2011","article-title":"Leptin in human physiology and pathophysiology","volume":"301","author":"Mantzoros","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1230","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.90927.2008","article-title":"Integration of hormonal and nutrient signals that regulate leptin synthesis and secretion","volume":"296","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.12842","article-title":"Dysregulated homeostatic pathways in sarcopenia among frail older adults","volume":"17","author":"Ng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.105","article-title":"Cancer-associated cachexia","volume":"4","author":"Baracos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12756","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria for cancer cachexia: reduced food intake and inflammation predict weight loss and survival in an international, multi-cohort analysis","volume":"12","author":"Martin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6601781","article-title":"Do patients with weight loss have a worse outcome when undergoing chemotherapy for lung cancers?","volume":"90","author":"Ross","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-021-02997-2","article-title":"Prognostic significance of cachexia in advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with pembrolizumab","volume":"71","author":"Jo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Immunother"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3473","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-016-3156-8","article-title":"Quality of life and survival survey of cancer cachexia in advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients\u2014 Japan nutrition and QOL survey in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer study","volume":"24","author":"Takayama","year":"2016","journal-title":"Support Care Cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2021.100092","article-title":"Cancer cachexia in adult patients: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"6","author":"Arends","year":"2021","journal-title":"ESMO Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib28","volume":"43","author":"Kadakia","year":"2023"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2011.10.005","article-title":"Randomized phase III clinical trial of a combined treatment with carnitine\u00a0+ celecoxib \u00b1 megestrol acetate for patients with cancer-related anorexia\/cachexia syndrome","volume":"31","author":"Madeddu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2009-0153","article-title":"Randomized phase III clinical trial of five different arms of treatment in 332 patients with cancer cachexia","volume":"15","author":"Mantovani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-05-0538","article-title":"A\u00a0phase II study with antioxidants, both in the diet and supplemented, pharmaconutritional support, progestagen, and anti-cyclooxygenase-2 showing efficacy and safety in patients with cancer-related anorexia\/cachexia and oxidative stress","volume":"15","author":"Mantovani","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2011.12.435","article-title":"A\u00a0randomized phase III clinical trial of a combined treatment for cachexia in patients with gynecological cancers: evaluating the impact on metabolic and inflammatory profiles and quality of life","volume":"124","author":"Maccio","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gynecol Oncol"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2438","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.20.00611","article-title":"Management of cancer cachexia: ASCO guideline","volume":"38","author":"Roeland","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib34","author":"Dans"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4501","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094501","article-title":"Biomarkers for cancer cachexia: a mini review","volume":"22","author":"Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2023.112114","article-title":"Development and application of the Cancer Cachexia Staging Index for the diagnosis and staging of cancer cachexia","volume":"114","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2011.05.009","article-title":"Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) and biochemical markers of cachexia in metastatic lung cancer patients: interrelations and associations with prognosis","volume":"74","author":"Gioulbasanis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-016-3553-z","article-title":"A\u00a0predictive model of inflammatory markers and patient-reported symptoms for cachexia in newly diagnosed pancreatic cancer patients","volume":"25","author":"Fogelman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Support Care Cancer"},{"issue":"10-11","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-022-01626-7","article-title":"Comprehensive comparison of the prognostic value of systemic inflammation biomarkers for cancer cachexia: a multicenter prospective study","volume":"71","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inflamm Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2012.08.003","article-title":"The systemic inflammation-based Glasgow Prognostic Score: a decade of experience in patients with cancer","volume":"39","author":"McMillan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Treat Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevOncog.v17.i3.70","article-title":"The cachexia clinic: from staging to managing nutritional and functional problems in advanced cancer patients","volume":"17","author":"Vigano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit Rev Oncog"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0193693","article-title":"The prevalence of deranged C-reactive protein and albumin in patients with incurable cancer approaching death","volume":"13","author":"Gray","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3206","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15123206","article-title":"The impact of NUTRItional status at first medical oncology visit on clinical outcomes: the NUTRIONCO study","volume":"15","author":"Muscaritoli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2014.56.1894","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria for the classification of cancer-associated weight loss","volume":"33","author":"Martin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1139\/H08-075","article-title":"A\u00a0practical and precise approach to quantification of body composition in cancer patients using computed tomography images acquired during routine care","volume":"33","author":"Mourtzakis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl Physiol Nutr Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-5394.1998.006003143.x","article-title":"A\u00a0multidimensional measure of fatigue for use with cancer patients","volume":"6","author":"Stein","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cancer Pract"},{"issue":"6505","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1038\/372425a0","article-title":"Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue","volume":"372","author":"Zhang","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1097\/00075197-200411000-00007","article-title":"Leptin and energy expenditure","volume":"7","author":"Hukshorn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.585887","article-title":"Leptin and obesity: role and clinical implication","volume":"12","author":"Obradovic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199602013340503","article-title":"Serum immunoreactive-leptin concentrations in normal-weight and obese humans","volume":"334","author":"Considine","year":"1996","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1998.00571.x","article-title":"Leptin: in search of role(s) in human physiology and pathophysiology","volume":"49","author":"Mantzoros","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2009.10.002","article-title":"Hypothalamic inflammation and energy homeostasis: resolving the paradox","volume":"31","author":"Thaler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocrinol"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S143","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.53.2007.S143","article-title":"Update on adipocyte hormones: regulation of energy balance and carbohydrate\/lipid metabolism","volume":"53","author":"Havel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.139.2.5716","article-title":"Evidence that glucose metabolism regulates leptin secretion from cultured rat adipocytes","volume":"139","author":"Mueller","year":"1998","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665100000410","article-title":"Role of adipose tissue in body-weight regulation: mechanisms regulating leptin production and energy balance","volume":"59","author":"Havel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc Nutr Soc"},{"issue":"6686","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1038\/31474","article-title":"A\u00a0nutrient-sensing pathway regulates leptin gene expression in muscle and fat","volume":"393","author":"Wang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3191","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1126\/science.123.3191.309","article-title":"On the origin of cancer cells","volume":"123","author":"Warburg","year":"1956","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01710710","article-title":"Einige \u00dcbereinstimmungen im Stoffwechsel der Carcinomzellen und Exsudatleukocyten","volume":"6","author":"Bakker","year":"1927","journal-title":"Klin Wochenschr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1515\/znb-1958-0806","article-title":"Metabolism of leukocytes","volume":"13B","author":"Warburg","year":"1958","journal-title":"Z\u00a0Naturforsch B"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2010.02218.x","article-title":"Energy regulation and neuroendocrine-immune control in chronic inflammatory diseases","volume":"267","author":"Straub","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Intern Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-013-1080-7","article-title":"The role of interleukin-6 in the evolution of ovarian cancer: clinical and prognostic implications\u2014a review","volume":"91","author":"Macci\u00f2","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Mol Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1517\/14656560902960162","article-title":"Medroxyprogesterone acetate in the management of cancer cachexia","volume":"10","author":"Madeddu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-009-0547-z","article-title":"Phase II nonrandomized study of the efficacy and safety of COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib on patients with cancer cachexia","volume":"88","author":"Mantovani","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Mol Med"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-014-2250-9","article-title":"Effects of celecoxib and ibuprofen on metabolic disorders induced by Walker-256 tumor in rats","volume":"399","author":"de Souza","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1320.001","article-title":"The role of the carnitine system in human metabolism","volume":"1033","author":"Foster","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-011-0898-y","article-title":"L-Carnitine induces recovery of liver lipid metabolism in cancer cachexia","volume":"42","author":"Silv\u00e9rio","year":"2012","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1159\/000439550","article-title":"L-Carnitine ameliorates cancer cachexia in mice partly via the carnitine palmitoyltransferase-associated PPAR-\u03b3 signaling pathway","volume":"38","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncol Res Treat"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2005.06.003","article-title":"Efficacy of L-carnitine administration on fatigue, nutritional status, oxidative stress, and related quality of life in 12 advanced cancer patients undergoing anticancer therapy","volume":"22","author":"Gramignano","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1089\/15209150050194279","article-title":"Alpha-lipoic acid: a multifunctional antioxidant that improves insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"2","author":"Evans","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2011.00069","article-title":"Diabetes and alpha lipoic acid","volume":"2","author":"Golbidi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1517\/13543784.16.3.291","article-title":"Alpha-lipoic acid: physiologic mechanisms and indications for the treatment of metabolic syndrome","volume":"16","author":"Pershadsingh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Expert Opin Investig Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib72","article-title":"Measuring what is meaningful in cancer cachexia clinical trials: a path forward with digital measures of real-world physical behavior","volume":"7","author":"Aryal","year":"2023","journal-title":"JCO Clin Cancer Inform"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.121221","article-title":"Cachexia-associated adipose loss induced by tumor-secreted leukemia inhibitory factor is counterbalanced by decreased leptin","volume":"3","author":"Arora","year":"2018","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-022-01826-2","article-title":"Cancer cachexia: a nutritional or a systemic inflammatory syndrome?","volume":"127","author":"McGovern","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2969","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13376","article-title":"A\u00a0promising prognostic grading system incorporating weight loss and inflammation in patients with advanced cancer","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665108007131","article-title":"An inflammation-based prognostic score and its role in the nutrition-based management of patients with cancer","volume":"67","author":"McMillan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Nutr Soc"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2021.05.017","article-title":"Mirtazapine in cancer-associated anorexia and cachexia: a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trial","volume":"62","author":"Hunter","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pain Symptom Manage"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2004.05.026","article-title":"Impact of fish oil and melatonin on cachexia in patients with advanced gastrointestinal cancer: a randomized pilot study","volume":"21","author":"Persson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2479","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-018-4047-y","article-title":"Randomized double-blind clinical trial of combined treatment with megestrol acetate plus celecoxib versus megestrol acetate alone in cachexia-anorexia syndrome induced by GI cancers","volume":"26","author":"Kouchaki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Support Care Cancer"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2649","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-015-2625-9","article-title":"Olanzapine for cachexia in patients with advanced cancer: an exploratory study of effects on weight and metabolic cytokines","volume":"23","author":"Naing","year":"2015","journal-title":"Support Care Cancer"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1110557","article-title":"A\u00a0double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of ruxolitinib for myelofibrosis","volume":"366","author":"Verstovsek","year":"2012","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111345","article-title":"Sarcopenia and prognosis of advanced cancer patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"90","author":"Deng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1111\/1759-7714.14881","article-title":"Prognostic effect of cachexia in patients with non-small cell lung cancer receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"14","author":"Matsuo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Thorac Cancer"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2022.07.018","article-title":"Cachexia index in predicting outcomes among patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment for metastatic renal cell carcinoma","volume":"40","author":"Aslan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Urol Oncol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15041076","article-title":"Effect of cancer-related cachexia and associated changes in nutritional status, inflammatory status, and muscle mass on immunotherapy efficacy and survival in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"15","author":"Madeddu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2008.10.007","article-title":"Three questions about leptin and immunity","volume":"23","author":"Fantuzzi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"}],"container-title":["ESMO Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2059702924015084?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2059702924015084?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]],"date-time":"2024-10-25T01:21:09Z","timestamp":1729819269000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2059702924015084"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S2059702924015084"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738","relation":{},"ISSN":["2059-7029"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2059-7029","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Leptin as a surrogate immune-metabolic marker to predict impact of anti-cachectic therapy: results of a prospective randomized trial in multiple solid tumors","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"ESMO Open","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.103738","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of European Society for Medical Oncology.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103738"}}