{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T05:29:25Z","timestamp":1784957365434,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]],"date-time":"2025-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747612800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020621","name":"Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic University of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020621","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003569","name":"Ministry of Food and Drug Safety","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2023-00216446"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00216446"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003569","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["esmoopen.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ESMO Open"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2025.105327","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T20:10:46Z","timestamp":1752610246000},"page":"105327","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Quantitative risk of underlying disease conditions for progression from monoclonal gammopathy to multiple myeloma: a nationwide cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"H.","family":"Ko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.-S.","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.H.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.-K.","family":"Min","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2025.105327_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e538","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(14)70442-5","article-title":"International Myeloma Working Group updated criteria for the diagnosis of multiple myeloma","volume":"15","author":"Rajkumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2025.105327_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2016.11.004","article-title":"Multiple myeloma epidemiology and survival: a unique malignancy","volume":"43","author":"Kazandjian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin Oncol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2025.105327_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2016.380","article-title":"Trends in overall survival and costs of multiple myeloma, 2000\u20132014","volume":"31","author":"Fonseca","year":"2017","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2025.105327_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clml.2018.02.011","article-title":"Prognostic biomarkers in the progression from MGUS to multiple myeloma: a systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Cosemans","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2025.105327_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1182\/asheducation-2005.1.340","article-title":"MGUS and smoldering multiple myeloma: update on pathogenesis, natural history, and management","volume":"2005","author":"Rajkumar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2025.105327_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2449","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-17-3115","article-title":"From MGUS to multiple myeloma, a paradigm for clonal evolution of premalignant cells","volume":"78","author":"van Nieuwenhuijzen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2025.105327_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5412","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-12-194241","article-title":"Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) consistently precedes multiple myeloma: a prospective study","volume":"113","author":"Landgren","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2025.105327_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2010.60","article-title":"Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and smoldering (asymptomatic) multiple myeloma: IMWG consensus perspectives risk factors for progression and guidelines for monitoring and management","volume":"24","author":"Kyle","year":"2010","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2025.105327_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2344","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.23412","article-title":"Monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance (MGRS) increases the risk for progression to multiple myeloma: an observational study of 2935 MGUS patients","volume":"9","author":"Steiner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2025.105327_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1746","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2020003193","article-title":"Rheumatologic diseases impact the risk of progression of MGUS to overt multiple myeloma","volume":"5","author":"Steiner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2025.105327_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.7326\/M23-2867","article-title":"Association between autoimmune diseases and monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance: an analysis from a population-based screening study","volume":"177","author":"Sverrisdottir","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2025.105327_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1080\/19371910903070333","article-title":"Introduction: health of the health care system in Korea","volume":"25","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Soc Work Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2025.105327_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.5045\/br.2021.2021107","article-title":"Development and validation of a comorbidity index for predicting survival outcomes after allogeneic stem cell transplantation in adult patients with acute leukemia: a Korean nationwide cohort study","volume":"56","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2025.105327_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4885","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-52720-1","article-title":"Quantitative risk factor analysis of prior disease condition and socioeconomic status with the multiple myeloma development: nationwide cohort study","volume":"14","author":"Choi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2025.105327_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s10238-024-01368-2","article-title":"Major cardiovascular events in long-term multiple myeloma survivors: a Korean case-control study (the CAREMM-2105 study)","volume":"24","author":"Ha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Exp Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2025.105327_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(94)90129-5","article-title":"Validation of a combined comorbidity index","volume":"47","author":"Charlson","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2025.105327_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1007\/s44313-024-00025-7","article-title":"Comparative efficacy of VMP vs. Rd in newly diagnosed, autologous stem cell transplant-ineligible multiple myeloma patients: a prematurely terminated randomized controlled study, CAREMM-2002 study","volume":"59","author":"Huh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2025.105327_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.5045\/br.2023.2023005","article-title":"Advantage of achieving deep response following frontline daratumumab-VTd compared to VRd in transplant-eligible multiple myeloma: multicenter study","volume":"58","author":"Byun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2025.105327_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6672","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2023-174019","article-title":"Real-world treatment patterns, outcomes, health care resource utilization and cost burden of multiple myeloma in South Korea using the national claims data","volume":"142","author":"Park","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2025.105327_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-85772-3_2","article-title":"Epidemiology of multiple myeloma","volume":"183","author":"Becker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Recent Results Cancer Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2025.105327_bib22","first-page":"1172","article-title":"The impact of M-component type and immunoglobulin concentration on the risk of malignant transformation in patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance","volume":"86","author":"Gregersen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2025.105327_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clml.2015.06.003","article-title":"Risk factors for multiple myeloma: a systematic review of meta-analyses","volume":"15","author":"Sergentanis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2025.105327_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2013.087809","article-title":"Transcriptome analysis reveals molecular profiles associated with evolving steps of monoclonal gammopathies","volume":"99","author":"L\u00f3pez-Corral","year":"2014","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2025.105327_bib25","first-page":"337","article-title":"The impact of comorbidity on cancer and its treatment","volume":"66","author":"Sarfati","year":"2016","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2025.105327_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-0666","article-title":"Diabetes and cancer: a consensus report","volume":"33","author":"Giovannucci","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2025.105327_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl.2014.8.2.131","article-title":"Immune response and the tumor microenvironment: how they communicate to regulate gastric cancer","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gut Liver"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2025.105327_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199302043280512","article-title":"Treatment of peptic ulcers caused by Helicobacter pylori","volume":"328","author":"Graham","year":"1993","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2025.105327_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2002.05668.x","article-title":"Role of Helicobacter pylori infection in the incidence and clinical course of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance","volume":"97","author":"Malik","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2025.105327_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-03-1038","article-title":"Serum free light chain ratio is an independent risk factor for progression in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance","volume":"106","author":"Rajkumar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2025.105327_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djw264","article-title":"Obesity and the transformation of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance to multiple myeloma: a population-based cohort study","volume":"109","author":"Chang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2025.105327_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-022-00659-9","article-title":"Body mass index associated with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) progression in Olmsted County, Minnesota","volume":"12","author":"Kleinstern","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J"}],"container-title":["ESMO Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2059702925011962?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2059702925011962?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]],"date-time":"2025-08-18T06:01:16Z","timestamp":1755496876000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2059702925011962"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S2059702925011962"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.esmoop.2025.105327","relation":{},"ISSN":["2059-7029"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2059-7029","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Quantitative risk of underlying disease conditions for progression from monoclonal gammopathy to multiple myeloma: a nationwide cohort study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"ESMO Open","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.esmoop.2025.105327","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of European Society for Medical Oncology.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"105327"}}