{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T16:11:15Z","timestamp":1790266275580,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]],"date-time":"2026-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782604800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009242","name":"Direction generale de l'offre de soins","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009242","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014630","name":"Minist\u00e8re des Solidarit\u00e9s et de la Sant\u00e9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PHRC-K 25-174"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PHRC-K 25-174"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014630","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014630","name":"Minist\u00e8re des Solidarit\u00e9s et de la Sant\u00e9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INCa-DGOS_20447"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INCa-DGOS_20447"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014630","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","esmorwd.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ESMO Real World Data and Digital Oncology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.esmorw.2026.100751","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T17:38:35Z","timestamp":1786556315000},"page":"100751","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Impact of concomitant proton pump inhibitors in patients treated for advanced or metastatic NSCLC: a target trial emulation protocol"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2361-1608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F.","family":"Le Borgne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9040-2385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.","family":"De Montfort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8522-8888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B.","family":"Guego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0821-8971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"E.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7493-4314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C.","family":"Guerin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5100-9425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L.","family":"Bosquet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Bocquet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4872-1579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Robain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.-L.","family":"Raoul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"P\u00e9rol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.esmorw.2026.100751_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.13739","article-title":"Prevalence of proton pump inhibitor use among patients with cancer","volume":"4","author":"Raoul","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.esmorw.2026.100751_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1080\/00498254.2017.1396379","article-title":"Changes in gefitinib, erlotinib and osimertinib pharmacokinetics under various gastric pH levels following oral administration of omeprazole and vonoprazan in rats","volume":"48","author":"Yasumuro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Xenobiotica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.esmorw.2026.100751_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1097\/CAD.0000000000000212","article-title":"Effect of gastric pH on erlotinib pharmacokinetics in healthy individuals: omeprazole and ranitidine","volume":"26","author":"Kletzl","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anticancer Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.esmorw.2026.100751_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cllc.2017.05.010","article-title":"Effects of histamine 2-receptor antagonists and proton pump inhibitors on the pharmacokinetics of gefitinib in patients with non\u2013small-cell lung cancer","volume":"18","author":"Yokota","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Lung Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.esmorw.2026.100751_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-310376","article-title":"Proton pump inhibitors affect the gut microbiome","volume":"65","author":"Imhann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.esmorw.2026.100751_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.716317","article-title":"Impact of antibiotics and proton pump inhibitors on efficacy and tolerance of anti-PD-1 immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"12","author":"Giordan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.esmorw.2026.100751_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2021.08.036","article-title":"Baseline co-medications may alter the anti-tumoural effect of checkpoint inhibitors as well as the risk of immune-related adverse events","volume":"157","author":"Kostine","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.esmorw.2026.100751_bib8","article-title":"Deleterious association between proton pump inhibitor and protein kinase inhibitor exposure and survival for patients with lung cancer: a nationwide cohort study","volume":"39","author":"Bordet","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Treat Res Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.esmorw.2026.100751_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7002","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-10938-x","article-title":"Proton pump inhibitors reduce the survival of advanced lung cancer patients with therapy of gefitinib or erlotinib","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.esmorw.2026.100751_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2024.102794","article-title":"Proton pump inhibitors and cancer treatments: emerging evidence against coadministration","volume":"129","author":"Raoul","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Treat Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.esmorw.2026.100751_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2113319","article-title":"Methods of public health research\u2014strengthening causal inference from observational data","volume":"385","author":"Hern\u00e1n","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.esmorw.2026.100751_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwv254","article-title":"Using big data to emulate a target trial when a randomized trial is not available","volume":"183","author":"Hern\u00e1n","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.esmorw.2026.100751_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djad092","article-title":"Target trial emulation to assess real-world efficacy in the Epidemiological Strategy and Medical Economics metastatic breast cancer cohort","volume":"115","author":"Antoine","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.esmorw.2026.100751_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2024.115072","article-title":"Assessing the real-world effectiveness of 8 major metastatic breast cancer drugs using target trial emulation","volume":"213","author":"Antoine","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.esmorw.2026.100751_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-023568","article-title":"The ongoing French metastatic breast cancer (MBC) cohort: the example-based methodology of the Epidemiological Strategy and Medical Economics (ESME)","volume":"9","author":"P\u00e9rol","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.esmorw.2026.100751_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000000471","article-title":"The best use of the Charlson comorbidity index with electronic health care database to predict mortality","volume":"54","author":"Bannay","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.esmorw.2026.100751_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2008.10.026","article-title":"New response evaluation criteria in solid tumours: revised RECIST guideline (version 1.1)","volume":"45","author":"Eisenhauer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.esmorw.2026.100751_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1713137","article-title":"Osimertinib in untreated EGFR-mutated advanced non-small-cell lung cancer","volume":"378","author":"Soria","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.esmorw.2026.100751_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2288","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1716948","article-title":"Atezolizumab for first-line treatment of metastatic nonsquamous NSCLC","volume":"378","author":"Socinski","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.esmorw.2026.100751_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.1816","article-title":"Causal directed acyclic graphs","volume":"327","author":"Lipsky","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.esmorw.2026.100751_bib21","article-title":"How to estimate the effect of treatment duration on survival outcomes using observational data","volume":"360","author":"Hern\u00e1n","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.esmorw.2026.100751_bib22","first-page":"13","article-title":"Discussion of professor Cox\u2019s paper","volume":"12","author":"Breslow","year":"1974","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.esmorw.2026.100751_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2003.10.004","article-title":"Adjusted survival curves with inverse probability weights","volume":"75","author":"Cole","year":"2004","journal-title":"Comput Methods Programs Biomed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.esmorw.2026.100751_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2409","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4274","article-title":"The use of restricted mean survival time to estimate the treatment effect in randomized clinical trials when the proportional hazards assumption is in doubt","volume":"30","author":"Royston","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.esmorw.2026.100751_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1177\/09622802211047345","article-title":"G-computation and doubly robust standardisation for continuous-time data: a comparison with inverse probability weighting","volume":"31","author":"Chatton","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stat Methods Med Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.esmorw.2026.100751_bib26","series-title":"Modeling Survival Data: Extending the Cox Model","first-page":"39","article-title":"The Cox model","author":"Therneau","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.esmorw.2026.100751_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1007\/s10985-015-9335-y","article-title":"Does Cox analysis of a randomized survival study yield a causal treatment effect?","volume":"21","author":"Aalen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lifetime Data Anal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.esmorw.2026.100751_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2473","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3623","article-title":"The estimation of average hazard ratios by weighted Cox regression","volume":"28","author":"Schemper","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.esmorw.2026.100751_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1080\/10428194.2023.2216324","article-title":"Increased mortality in patients with hematologic malignancies treated with proton pump inhibitors: a nationwide cohort study","volume":"64","author":"Vilmar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Leuk Lymphoma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.esmorw.2026.100751_bib30","article-title":"Estimates of all cause mortality and cause specific mortality associated with proton pump inhibitors among US veterans: cohort study","volume":"365","author":"Xie","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.esmorw.2026.100751_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3150","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.14728","article-title":"Proton pump inhibitors and risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality: a cohort study","volume":"87","author":"Brown","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.esmorw.2026.100751_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2022.06.067","article-title":"Association of proton pump inhibitor use with all-cause and cause-specific mortality","volume":"163","author":"Lo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.esmorw.2026.100751_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.1200","article-title":"Sensitivity analysis and external adjustment for unmeasured confounders in epidemiologic database studies of therapeutics","volume":"15","author":"Schneeweiss","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.esmorw.2026.100751_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.7326\/M16-2607","article-title":"Sensitivity analysis in observational research: introducing the E-value","volume":"167","author":"VanderWeele","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.esmorw.2026.100751_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1982","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3618","article-title":"Imputing missing covariate values for the Cox model","volume":"28","author":"White","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.esmorw.2026.100751_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v070.i01","article-title":"missMDA: a package for handling missing values in multivariate data analysis","volume":"70","author":"Josse","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.esmorw.2026.100751_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2021.08.028","article-title":"Causal analyses of existing databases: no power calculations required","volume":"144","author":"Hern\u00e1n","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.esmorw.2026.100751_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2021.09.026","article-title":"Causal analyses of existing databases: the importance of understanding what can be achieved with your data before analysis (commentary on Hern\u00e1n)","volume":"142","author":"Morris","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.esmorw.2026.100751_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2021.09.024","article-title":"Sample size considerations are needed for the causal analyses of existing databases","volume":"141","author":"Mansournia","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"}],"container-title":["ESMO Real World Data and Digital Oncology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2949820126000706?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2949820126000706?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T15:39:43Z","timestamp":1790264383000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2949820126000706"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":39,"alternative-id":["S2949820126000706"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.esmorw.2026.100751","relation":{},"ISSN":["2949-8201"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2949-8201","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Impact of concomitant proton pump inhibitors in patients treated for advanced or metastatic NSCLC: a target trial emulation protocol","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"ESMO Real World Data and Digital Oncology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.esmorw.2026.100751","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of European Society for Medical Oncology.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100751"}}