{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T22:27:33Z","timestamp":1794090453906,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]],"date-time":"2023-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672790400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":480,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,11]],"date-time":"2021-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631318400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["smoa.jsexmed.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Chronic vulvar pain is a condition that affects many women during their lifetime, including women with Female Genital Mutilation\/Cutting (FGM\/C).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To study the prevalence and possible etiologies of chronic vulvar pain among women living with FGM\/C.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We conducted a retrospective review of consecutive medical files of 506 women who consulted our specialized clinic for women with FGM\/C between April 1, 2010 and December 31, 2017. We collected sociodemographic and clinical data including information on the type of FGM\/C and its complications. We focused on studying the prevalence, etiologies and characteristics of chronic vulvar pain.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Prevalence and etiologies of vulvar pain in women with FGM\/C.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Chronic vulvar pain was present in 14 women (2.8%). Pain was unprovoked in one case (7.1%) and provoked in the 13 other cases (92.9%). In most of the cases, women presented vulvar pain related to scar complications such as clitoral or peri-clitoral adhesions or scar tissue (n\u00a0=\u00a03, 21.4%), bridle scars (n\u00a0=\u00a01, 7.1%), post-traumatic neuromas (n\u00a0=\u00a02, 14.3%) and vulvar cysts (n\u00a0=\u00a06, 42.9%), the latter being found more frequently in women with FGM\/C type III. In 2 cases (14.3%) of chronic vulvar pain, no lesions other than FGM\/C were visible at clinical examination. Among these 14 women, 12 suffered from superficial dyspareunia as well. The remaining ones had not had any sexual contact for several years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Dyspareunia was present in 126 women (24.9%), among which 75 patients (14.8%) suffered from superficial dyspareunia and 25 patients (4.9%) complained of deep dyspareunia. Fourteen women (2.8%) reported both superficial and deep dyspareunia. Twelve women (2.3%) reported dyspareunia with no specified localization documented in the medical charts. Dyspareunia was significantly more frequent among infibulated women compared to women with FGM\/C different from type III (P\u00a0=\u00a0.014).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Chronic vulvar pain after FGM\/C is probably associated with scar complications and FGM\/C type III (infibulation). Dyspareunia is more frequent in women with FGM\/C type III.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esxm.2021.100425","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,11]],"date-time":"2021-09-11T02:52:48Z","timestamp":1631328768000},"page":"1-1","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Chronic Vulvar Pain After Female Genital Mutilation\/Cutting: A Retrospective Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Yara","family":"Bazzoun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine \u00a0 , Geneva , Switzerland"},{"name":"University of Geneva \u00a0 , Geneva , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leen","family":"Aerts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gynaecology \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 , Geneva , Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 , Geneva , 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