{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T16:02:45Z","timestamp":1780588965322,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":159,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"CAPES","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T07:03:33Z","timestamp":1778137413000},"page":"105038","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Heavy metals in horses: A review of the toxicity, clinical consequences and expected safe tissue concentrations"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"124","author":[{"given":"Gianlucca Sim\u00e3o Nadal","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anderson Fernando","family":"de Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mari L\u00facia","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joandes Henrique","family":"Fonteque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2022.107743","article-title":"Assessment of lead toxicity in diverse irrigation regimes and potential health implications of agriculturally grown crops in Pakistan","volume":"271","author":"Akhtar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1822","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.230.12.1822","article-title":"Salinomycin toxicosis in horses","volume":"230","author":"Aleman","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1080\/10807039.2018.1469398","article-title":"Trophic transfer, bioaccumulation, and biomagnification of non-essential hazardous heavy metals and metalloids in food chains\/webs\u2014Concepts and implications for wildlife and human health","volume":"25","author":"Ali","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. Int. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.53550\/PR.2022.v41i04.002","article-title":"Cadmium toxicity in nature generates the cancerous problems","volume":"41","author":"Ali","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pollut. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1977.443485x","article-title":"Contaminating elements in mineral supplements and their potential toxicity: a review","volume":"44","author":"Ammerman","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1786","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.46.11.1786","article-title":"Elevated intakes of supplemental chromium improve glucose and insulin variables in individuals with type 2 diabetes","volume":"46","author":"Anderson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3206","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14223206","article-title":"Hair and Blood Trace Elements (Cadmium, Zinc, Chrome, Lead, Iron and Copper) Biomonitoring in the Athletic Horse: The Potential Role of Haematological Parameters as Biomarkers","volume":"14","author":"Aragona","year":"2024","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1988.tb14514.x","article-title":"Assessment of copper and zinc status of farm horses and training thoroughbreds in south-east Queensland","volume":"65","author":"Auer","year":"1988","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1080\/02652030050083204","article-title":"Cadmium in organs and tissues of horses slaughtered in Italy","volume":"17","author":"Baldini","year":"2000","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1017\/S0043933919000394","article-title":"The role, importance and toxicity of arsenic in poultry nutrition","volume":"75","author":"Balo\u0161","year":"2019","journal-title":"Worlds Poult. Sci. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1097\/00008480-199906000-00018","article-title":"Treatment of mercury intoxication","volume":"11","author":"Baum","year":"1999","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pedia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib12","first-page":"37","article-title":"Chromium: a review of environmental and occupational toxicology","volume":"29","author":"Bencko","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Hyg. Epidemiol. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/394652","article-title":"Cadmium toxicity and treatment","volume":"2013","author":"Bernhoft","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12124","article-title":"Arsenic Toxicosis in Cattle: Meta-Analysis of 156 Cases","volume":"27","author":"Bertin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.3390\/pr14040702","article-title":"Evaluation of cadmium and lead accumulation in edible horse tissues: a food safety perspective","volume":"14","author":"Bogu\u0107anin","year":"2026","journal-title":"Processes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1081\/CLT-100102419","article-title":"Therapeutic review: is ascorbic acid of value in chromium poisoning and chromium dermatitis?","volume":"37","author":"Bradberry","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.3706","article-title":"The mechanisms of nickel toxicity in aquatic environments: An adverse outcome pathway analysis","volume":"36","author":"Brix","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib18","first-page":"39","article-title":"Normal concentrations of chromium in serum and urine\u2013a TRACY project","volume":"19","author":"Brune","year":"1993","journal-title":"Scand. J. Work. Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib19","first-page":"1","article-title":"NTP toxicity studies of sodium dichromate dihydrate (CAS No. 7789-12-0) administered in drinking water to male and female F344\/N rats and B6C3F1 mice and male BALB\/c and am3-C57BL\/6 mice","author":"Bucher","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxic. Rep. Ser."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1982.43.12.2129","article-title":"Experimental lead toxicosis in ponies: comparison of the effects of smelter effluent-contaminated hay and lead acetate","volume":"43","author":"Burrows","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2010.00302.x","article-title":"Effects of a supplement containing chromium and magnesium on morphometric measurements, resting glucose, insulin concentrations and insulin sensitivity in laminitic obese horses: Chromium and magnesium in obese insulin-resistant horses","volume":"43","author":"Chameroy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2896","article-title":"Doping control analysis of total arsenic in equine plasma","volume":"12","author":"Chan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Test. Anal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.4236\/ojmetal.2014.44011","article-title":"Marine Invertebrates as Bioindicators of Heavy Metal Pollution","volume":"04","author":"Chiarelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Open J. Met."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra022471","article-title":"The toxicology of mercury \u2014 current exposures and clinical manifestations","volume":"349","author":"Clarkson","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.3109\/10408448909029327","article-title":"Toxicity and carcinogenicity of nickel compounds","volume":"19","author":"Coogan","year":"1989","journal-title":"CRC Crit. Rev. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-024-00583-4","article-title":"Heavy metals in biological samples of cancer patients: a systematic literature review","volume":"37","author":"Coradduzza","year":"2024","journal-title":"BioMetals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.3109\/10408449709078442","article-title":"Toxicity and Carcinogenicity of Cr(VI) in Animal Models and Humans","volume":"27","author":"Costa","year":"1997","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1958.02990070021005","article-title":"Treatment of cadmium poisoning with edathamil calcium disodium","volume":"166","author":"Cotter","year":"1958","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4313","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16224313","article-title":"Heavy Metals in Sediment from the Urban and Rural Rivers in Harbin City, Northeast China","volume":"16","author":"Cui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-4431.2009.00418.x","article-title":"The ubiquitous role of zinc in health and disease","volume":"19","author":"Cummings","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Vet. Emerg. Crit. Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib31","first-page":"2665","article-title":"Concentration of selected essential and toxic trace elements in horse hair as an important tool for the monitoring of animal exposure and health","volume":"12","author":"Cygan-Szczegielniak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anim. Open Access J. MDPI"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib32","first-page":"502","article-title":"[Mechanisms of nickel allergy]","volume":"64","author":"Czarnobilska","year":"2007","journal-title":"Przegl. Lek."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib33","first-page":"43","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review on Nickel (II) and Chromium (VI) Toxicities - Possible Antioxidant (Allium sativum Linn) Defenses","volume":"2","author":"Das","year":"2009","journal-title":"Al Jameen J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib34","first-page":"412","article-title":"Nickel, its adverse health effects & oxidative stress","volume":"128","author":"Das","year":"2008","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib35","series-title":"StatPearls","article-title":"Dimercaprol","author":"Dawn","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1080\/10408444.2018.1429387","article-title":"Lead-interacting proteins and their implication in lead poisoning","volume":"48","author":"De Souza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-35982014000200002","article-title":"Heavy metals in equine biological components","volume":"43","author":"De Souza","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Zootec."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.59400\/jts.v2i1.404","article-title":"Sources and toxicological effects of some heavy metals\u2014A mini review","volume":"2","author":"Devi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib39","first-page":"194","article-title":"Lead in blood of urban Indian horses","volume":"46","author":"Dey","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. Hum. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1978.39.06.961","article-title":"Chronic lead poisoning in horses","volume":"39","author":"Dollahite","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.21836\/PEM20050509","article-title":"Hair analysis for screening horses for exposure to dietary toxic residues","volume":"21","author":"Dunnett","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pferd Equine Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1984.tb05989.x","article-title":"Skeletal abnormalities in young horses associated with zinc toxicity and hypocuprosis","volume":"61","author":"Eamens","year":"1984","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1080\/02757540.2024.2306839","article-title":"Environmental persistence, bioaccumulation, and ecotoxicology of heavy metals","volume":"40","author":"Edo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.21423\/bovine-vol1980no15p150-151","article-title":"Lead poisoning in the bovine animal","author":"Edwards","year":"1980","journal-title":"Bov. Pr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib45","series-title":"Mercury Hazards to Living Organisms","author":"Eisler","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-9351(81)90179-1","article-title":"Histopathological changes in relation to cadmium concentration in horse kidneys","volume":"26","author":"Elinder","year":"1981","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph8061805","article-title":"Spatial variations of heavy metals in the soils of vegetable-growing land along urban-rural gradient of Nanjing, China","volume":"8","author":"Fang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10101877","article-title":"Bioaccumulation of mineral elements in different biological substrates of athletic horse from Messina, Italy","volume":"10","author":"Fazio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2026.1748021","article-title":"Evaluation of arsenic, cobalt, nickel, lead, mercury, and titanium in goat blood and hair reared in Sicily and insights into blood biomarkers","volume":"13","author":"Fazio","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2745","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph7072745","article-title":"Chelation in metal intoxication","volume":"7","author":"Flora","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-09352011000500019","article-title":"Influence of chromium supplementation on energy metabolism in horses used in policing activity","volume":"63","author":"Fonseca","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arq. Bras. Med. Veter-.-. \u00e1ria E Zootec."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.22955","article-title":"Data on multiple regression analysis between boron, nickel, arsenic, antimony, and biological substrates in horses: The role of hematological biomarkers","volume":"36","author":"Giannetto","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-9697(89)90204-0","article-title":"Evaluation of issues relating to the carcinogen risk assessment of chromium","volume":"86","author":"Gibb","year":"1989","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2005.04.030","article-title":"Safety and storage stability of horse meat for human consumption","volume":"71","author":"Gill","year":"2005","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib55","article-title":"Heavy metal distribution and ecological pollution assessments in water bodies and sediments in rural areas of Bangladesh","volume":"21","author":"Goni","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Nanotechnol. Monit. Manag"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.17.1.37","article-title":"TOXIC AND ESSENTIAL METAL INTERACTIONS","volume":"17","author":"Goyer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1999.tb11228.x","article-title":"Content and distribution of macro- and micro-elements in the body of pasture-fed young horses","volume":"77","author":"Grace","year":"1999","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-618X.2009.01134.x","article-title":"Contamination: Concept Analysis and Nursing Implications","volume":"20","author":"Green","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Nurs. Terminol. Cl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1995.206.02.210","article-title":"Mercury toxicosis caused by ingestion of a blistering compound in a horse","volume":"206","author":"Guglick","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1982.180.03.295","article-title":"Environmental zinc and cadmium pollution associated with generalized osteochondrosis, osteoporosis, and nephrocalcinosis in horses","volume":"180","author":"Gunson","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib61","series-title":"Veterinary toxicology: basic and clinical principles","author":"Gupta","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.230.8.1174","article-title":"Zinc intoxication in dogs: 19 cases (1991\u20132003)","volume":"230","author":"Gurnee","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib63","first-page":"272","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of zinc poisoning in a dog","volume":"46","author":"Hammond","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. Hum. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.165.15.447","article-title":"Mercury poisoning in a German shepherd dog","volume":"165","author":"Hansmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.2478\/intox-2014-0009","article-title":"Toxicity, mechanism and health effects of some heavy metals","volume":"7","author":"Jaishankar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Interdiscip. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib66","first-page":"1","article-title":"Use of Mercury in Dental Silver Amalgam: An Occupational and Environmental Assessment","volume":"2016","author":"Jamil","year":"2016","journal-title":"BioMed. Res. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1539\/joh.47.1","article-title":"Strategies for Safe and Effective Therapeutic Measures for Chronic Arsenic and Lead Poisoning","volume":"47","author":"Kalia","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Occup. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/889\/1\/012062","article-title":"A review on heavy metal accumulation and toxicity in biotic and abiotic components","volume":"889","author":"Kaur","year":"2021","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.33451\/florafauna.v28i2pp315-327","article-title":"Environmental Hazards of Heavy Metal Pollution and Toxicity: A Review","volume":"28","author":"Kaushik","year":"2022","journal-title":"FLORA FAUNA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2015.11.031","article-title":"A review on the distribution of Hg in the environment and its human health impacts","volume":"306","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.577958","article-title":"Mechanism of Zinc Excitotoxicity: A Focus on AMPK","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2009.03.026","article-title":"Metallothionein protection of cadmium toxicity","volume":"238","author":"Klaassen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1973.162.09.781","article-title":"Chronic lead poisoning in horses","volume":"162","author":"Knight","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib74","first-page":"205","article-title":"Immunohistological study of equine renal metallothionein","volume":"11","author":"Kojima","year":"1978"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.2486\/indhealth.40.207","article-title":"Possible Adverse Effect of Chromium in Occupational Exposure of Tannery Workers","volume":"40","author":"Kornhauser","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ind. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1080\/17450398909428336","article-title":"The Lead Status of Horses from Central Europe Depending on Breed, Sex, Age and Living Area","volume":"39","author":"Ko\u015bla","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arch. F. \u00fcR. Tiere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-013-0344-5","article-title":"The Role of Chelation in the Treatment of Arsenic and Mercury Poisoning","volume":"9","author":"Kosnett","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Med. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib78","first-page":"12","article-title":"The value of zinc protoporphyrin in equine lead poisoning: a case report","volume":"23","author":"Kowalczyk","year":"1981","journal-title":"Vet. Hum. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.4102\/jsava.v79i1.242","article-title":"Acute lead intoxication in a pregnant mare: clinical communication","volume":"79","author":"Kruger","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib80","article-title":"Production of environmentally safe products of horse breeding based on a comprehensive study of the content of heavy metals in the soil cover of bashkortostan","author":"Latypov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Agric. Food Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.12414","article-title":"Treatment of zinc toxicosis in a dog with chelation using \\textlessspan\\textgreaterd\\textless\/span\\textgreater -penicillamine","volume":"26","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Vet. Emerg. Crit. Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2013.01.053","article-title":"DNA damage and oxidative stress in human B lymphoblastoid cells after combined exposure to hexavalent chromium and nickel compounds","volume":"55","author":"Lou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.56557\/upjoz\/2024\/v45i114074","article-title":"Impact of Heavy Metal Pollution on the Environment","volume":"45","author":"Lubal","year":"2024","journal-title":"UTTAR PRADESH J. Zool."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1039\/c1mt00063b","article-title":"Mechanisms of nickel toxicity in microorganisms","volume":"3","author":"Macomber","year":"2011","journal-title":"Metallomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-011-2097-4","article-title":"Pasture composition in a trace element-contaminated area: the particular case of Fe and Cd for grazing horses","volume":"184","author":"Madej\u00f3n","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib86","article-title":"Morin\u22125\u2019\u2212Sulfonic Acid Sodium Salt as an Antidote in the Treatment of Acute Chromium Poisoning in Rats","author":"Magdalan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.16.2.1044","article-title":"Les dangers pour la sant\u00e9 publique des li\u00e9s \u00e0 la consommation de la viande de cheval","volume":"16","author":"Magras","year":"1997","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Tech. - Off. Int. \u00c9pizooties"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib88","first-page":"1730","article-title":"Biotoxicity of lead: influence of various factors","volume":"42","author":"Mahaffey","year":"1983","journal-title":"Fed. Proc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2006.11.007","article-title":"Heavy metals in horse blood, serum, and feed in Minas Gerais, Brazil","volume":"26","author":"Maia","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1080\/10590501.2016.1278299","article-title":"Immunotoxicity of mercury: Pathological and toxicological effects","volume":"35","author":"Maqbool","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health Part C."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib91","first-page":"16","article-title":"Bovinos e eq\u00fcinos como bioindicadores da polui\u00e7\u00e3o ambiental","volume":"10","author":"Mar\u00e7al","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Ci\u00eanc. Veter-.-. \u00e1ria"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1080\/10934529.2014.894322","article-title":"Blood concentration of copper, cadmium, zinc and lead in horses and its relation to hematological and biochemical parameters","volume":"49","author":"Massanyi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health Part A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib93","article-title":"Therapeutic Efficacy and Safety Evaluation of a Novel Chromium Supplement (Crominex \u00ae +3-) in Moderately Arthritic Horses","author":"May","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-9697(90)90081-5","article-title":"Absence of cadmium in the blood of horses fed oats grown on municipal sludge-amended soil","volume":"96","author":"Maylin","year":"1990","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5942\/jawwa.2012.104.0092","article-title":"Hexavalent chromium review, part 2: Chemistry, occurrence, and treatment","volume":"104","author":"McNeill","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. AWWA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1177\/1091581814555915","article-title":"Toxicodynamic and Toxicokinetic Descriptors of Combined Chromium (VI) and Nickel Toxicity","volume":"33","author":"Minigaliyeva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.15389\/agrobiology.2018.6.1131eng","article-title":"METABOLISM AND MECHANISMS OF CYTOTOXIC ACTION OF THE LEAD IN MAMMALS","volume":"53","author":"Mirzoev","year":"2018","journal-title":"Selskokhozyaistvennaya Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10590501.2015.1096883","article-title":"Toxic and genotoxic effects of hexavalent chromium in environment and its bioremediation strategies","volume":"34","author":"Mishra","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health Part C."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enceco.2023.01.002","article-title":"Eco-toxicity of hexavalent chromium and its adverse impact on environment and human health in Sukinda Valley of India: A review on pollution and prevention strategies","volume":"5","author":"Mohanty","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Ecotoxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib100","series-title":"Remediation of Heavy Metals","first-page":"305","article-title":"Source, Pollution and Remediation of Carcinogenic Hexavalent Chromium from Industrial, Mining Effluents","author":"Naz","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4172\/2157-7579.1000457","article-title":"Serum Concentrations of Strontium, Lead, Nickel, Vanadium and Aluminum in Horses","volume":"08","author":"Nazifi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Vet. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(75)84785-0","article-title":"Metabolism and Toxicity of Cadmium, Mercury, and Lead in Animals: A Review","volume":"58","author":"Neathery","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.15302\/J-FASE-2019273","article-title":"Cadmium pollution from phosphate fertilizers in arable soils and crops: an overview","volume":"6","author":"Ni\u00f1o-Savala","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Agric. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-9351(79)90010-0","article-title":"Cadmium, zinc and copper in horse kidney metallothionein","volume":"20","author":"Nordberg","year":"1979","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3022","DOI":"10.2527\/1999.77113022x","article-title":"Influence of chromium tripicolinate on growth and glucose metabolism in yearling horses","volume":"77","author":"Ott","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1177\/030098589703400211","article-title":"Acute Arsenic Toxicosis in Five Horses","volume":"34","author":"Pace","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib107","first-page":"96","article-title":"The effect of chromium supplementation on metabolic response to exercise in thoroughbred horses","volume":"14","author":"Pagan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Equine Nutr. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.24.1.73","article-title":"Mercury Poisoning and Its Treatment with N-acetyl-D, L-Penicillamine","volume":"24","author":"Parameshvara","year":"1967","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq1978.00472425000700030008x","article-title":"Metal Distribution in Forested Ecosystems in Urban and Rural Northwestern Indiana","volume":"7","author":"Parker","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2021.103804","article-title":"Impact of Dietary Zinc Chloride Hydroxide and Zinc Methionine on the Faecal Microbiota of Healthy Adult Horses and Ponies","volume":"110","author":"Pa\u00dflack","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7825141","article-title":"Some observations on the interaction of zinc, copper, and iron metabolism in lead and cadmium toxicity","volume":"25","author":"Petering","year":"1978","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib112","series-title":"Cadmium","first-page":"3","article-title":"Some Views on Metabolism, Toxicity and Carcinogenicity of Cadmium","author":"Piscator","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib113","first-page":"285","article-title":"Nickel as an essential element and a toxicant","volume":"1","author":"Poonkothai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0957-7734.2010.00127.x","article-title":"Lead toxicosis in the horse: A review","volume":"22","author":"Puschner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Equine Vet. Educ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib115","article-title":"Cadmium toxicity and treatment: An update","volume":"8","author":"Rahimzadeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Casp. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib116","first-page":"410","article-title":"The effects of prolonged daily low level mercuric chloride dosing in a horse","volume":"20","author":"Roberts","year":"1978","journal-title":"Vet. Hum. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib117","first-page":"321","article-title":"Chronic phenylmercuric acetate toxicity in a horse","volume":"21","author":"Roberts","year":"1979","journal-title":"Vet. Hum. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib118","first-page":"415","article-title":"Some effects of chronic mercuric chloride intoxication on renal function in a horse","volume":"24","author":"Roberts","year":"1982","journal-title":"Vet. Hum. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib119","first-page":"185","article-title":"Treatment of a Hyacinth Macaw with Zinc Toxicity","volume":"9","author":"Romagnano","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Avian Med. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2010.05.011","article-title":"Nickel modifies the cytotoxicity of hexavalent chromium in human dermal fibroblasts","volume":"197","author":"Rudolf","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib121","first-page":"15","author":"Sadeghi-Nasab","year":"2021","journal-title":"Zinc Phosphide Intox. Three Horse. A Case Repor. Iran. J. Vet. Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1782","DOI":"10.1080\/00958972.2011.583646","article-title":"Sources and toxicity of hexavalent chromium","volume":"64","author":"Saha","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Coord. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.2174\/1871530320666200214123118","article-title":"Pathogenic Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implication in Nickel-Induced Cell Damage","volume":"20","author":"Salimi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocr. Metab. Immune Disord. - Drug Targets"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.21534\/ai.v18i1.42","article-title":"Gastropods As A Bioindicator and Biomonitoring Water Pollution","volume":"18","author":"Samsi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aquac. Indones."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3292.2010.00056.x","article-title":"Lead poisoning: Any more lurking around?","volume":"22","author":"Saulez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Equine Vet. Educ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1080\/00039896.1971.10665984","article-title":"Lead Poisoning in Horses","volume":"23","author":"Schmitt","year":"1971","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Health Int. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib127","series-title":"Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology","first-page":"697","article-title":"Heavy metal intoxications in horses","author":"Seawright","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7719183","article-title":"Epidemiology and toxicology of arsenic poisoning in domestic animals","volume":"19","author":"Selby","year":"1977","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib129","first-page":"134","article-title":"Heavy metal toxicity in animals: A review","volume":"9","author":"Sethy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharma Innov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.56557\/upjoz\/2024\/v45i214641","article-title":"Arsenic Toxicosis in Animals: Mechanism Clinical Manifestations and Treatment Approaches for Arsenic Poisoning in Animals","volume":"45","author":"Sharma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Uttar pradesh J. Zool."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4923","DOI":"10.1080\/21655979.2022.2037273","article-title":"Health hazards of hexavalent chromium (Cr (VI)) and its microbial reduction","volume":"13","author":"Sharma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioengineered"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1080\/01490451.2024.2318227","article-title":"Investigation of Heavy Metals Pollution and Their Removal Methods: A Review","volume":"41","author":"Sheydaei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Geomicrobiol. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, M., Sharma, R., Ranvir, S., Gandhi, K., Mann, B., n.d. Assessment of contamination of Milk and Milk Products with Heavy Metals. Indian J. Dairy Sci. 72.","DOI":"10.33785\/IJDS.2019.v72i06.005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11122375","article-title":"Hexavalent-Chromium-Induced Oxidative Stress and the Protective Role of Antioxidants against Cellular Toxicity","volume":"11","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib135","article-title":"An Overview on the Organic Contaminants","volume":"1","author":"Snousy","year":"2017","journal-title":"SDRP J. Earth Sci. Environ. Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skaa278.160","article-title":"Chromium propionate increases insulin sensitivity in horses following oral and intravenous carbohydrate administration","volume":"98","author":"Spears","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/24734306.2020.1870077","article-title":"Rethinking treatment of mercury poisoning: the roles of selenium, acetylcysteine, and thiol chelators in the treatment of mercury poisoning: a narrative review","volume":"5","author":"Spiller","year":"2021","journal-title":"Toxicol. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib138","series-title":"Green Materials for Energy, Products and Depollution","first-page":"151","article-title":"Bioindicators of Toxic Metals","author":"Stankovic","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib139","series-title":"The Ecology of Transportation: Managing Mobility for the Environment","first-page":"361","article-title":"Contaminants and pollutants","author":"Stengel","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2022.153136","article-title":"Heavy metals induced mitochondrial dysfunction in animals: Molecular mechanism of toxicity","volume":"469","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib141","first-page":"377","article-title":"A review of the metabolism and toxicology of nickel","volume":"7","author":"Sunderman","year":"1977","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1972.tb46465.x","article-title":"NICKEL METABOLISM IN HEALTH AND DISEASE","volume":"199","author":"Sunderman","year":"1972","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib143","first-page":"1097","article-title":"Assessment of efficacy of quercetin-5\u2019-sulfonic acid sodium salt in the treatment of acute chromium poisoning: experimental studies","volume":"55","author":"Szelag","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pol. J. Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.10116","article-title":"Review: Environmental exposure to mercury and its toxicopathologic implications for public health","volume":"18","author":"Tchounwou","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11656","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262311656","article-title":"Heavy metals like aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, manganese, mercury, nickel, and zinc polluting the drinking water: their individual health hazards","volume":"26","author":"Teschke","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.21926\/rpn.2504023","article-title":"Impact of heavy metals as trace elements on the ecosystem and health","volume":"05","author":"Teschke","year":"2025","journal-title":"Recent Prog. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.7528","article-title":"Nickel in equine sports drug testing \u2013 pilot study results on urinary nickel concentrations","volume":"30","author":"Thevis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib148","first-page":"162","article-title":"Sources and pathways of cadmium in the environment","volume":"149","author":"Thornton","year":"1992","journal-title":"IARC Sci. Publ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.11648\/j.ijec.20190302.14","article-title":"Environmental Pollution by Heavy Metal: An Overview","volume":"3","author":"Timothy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib150","first-page":"1068","article-title":"Environmental lead exposure: a public health problem of global dimensions","volume":"78","author":"Tong","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib151","first-page":"87","article-title":"Protective effects of thiol containing chelating agents against liver injury induced by hexavalent chromium in mice","volume":"65","author":"Ueno","year":"1992","journal-title":"Kitasato Arch. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib152","first-page":"27","article-title":"Detrimental impacts of heavy metals on animal reproduction: A review","volume":"6","author":"Verma","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Entomol. Zool. Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1079\/ECP200574","article-title":"Effects of chromium supplementation on selected metabolic responses in resting and exercising horses","volume":"3","author":"Vervuert","year":"2006","journal-title":"Equine Comp. Exerc. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib154","first-page":"348","article-title":"Lead and zinc poisoning and the interaction between Pb and Zn poisoning in the foal","volume":"36","author":"Willoughby","year":"1972","journal-title":"Can. J. Comp. Med. Rev. Can. Med. Comp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s40557-015-0086-8","article-title":"Evaluation of mercury exposure level, clinical diagnosis and treatment for mercury intoxication","volume":"28","author":"Ye","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3977","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.7725","article-title":"Chromium(VI) bioremediation by probiotics: Chromium(VI) bioremediation by probiotics","volume":"96","author":"Younan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zamani, M., 2021. Monitoring of heavy metal impacts by small mammals. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31224\/osf.io\/v96m2.","DOI":"10.31224\/osf.io\/v96m2"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7010552","article-title":"Dietary strategies for the treatment of cadmium and lead toxicity","volume":"7","author":"Zhai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1080\/15569543.2018.1442347","article-title":"A review on hemato-biochemical, accumulation and patho-morphological responses of arsenic toxicity in ruminants","volume":"38","author":"Zubair","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxin Rev."}],"container-title":["Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S138266892600116X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S138266892600116X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T15:30:17Z","timestamp":1780587017000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S138266892600116X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":159,"alternative-id":["S138266892600116X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038","relation":{},"ISSN":["1382-6689"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1382-6689","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Heavy metals in horses: A review of the toxicity, clinical consequences and expected safe tissue concentrations","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105038","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"105038"}}