{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T17:50:36Z","timestamp":1791654636278,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T15:15:29Z","timestamp":1788448529000},"page":"105163","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs in environmental waters: A systematic review and quantitative analysis of global trends 2004\u20132021. Part 1"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"127","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7402-9147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco Dinis Afonso","family":"Coelho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4146-654X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruth","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2714-7358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luiza C.","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105163_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1038\/s44220-024-00222-4","article-title":"Enhanced estimation of the prevalence of treated mental health disorders by wastewater-based epidemiology","volume":"2","author":"Ahmed","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Ment. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105163_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149230","article-title":"Change in the chemical content of untreated wastewater of Athens, Greece under COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"799","author":"Alygizakis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105163_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.12.269","article-title":"Wastewater-based epidemiology and enantiomeric profiling for drugs of abuse in South African wastewaters","volume":"625","author":"Archer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105163_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131460","article-title":"A two-year study of emerging micro-pollutants and drugs of abuse in two Western Cape wastewater treatment works (South Africa)","volume":"285","author":"Archer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105163_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.1c00532","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 controls on the use of illicit drugs and alcohol in Australia","volume":"8","author":"Bade","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. & Technol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105163_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cscee.2020.100042","article-title":"Wastewater-based epidemiology to monitor COVID-19 outbreak: present and future diagnostic methods to be in your radar","volume":"2","author":"Barcel\u00f3","year":"2020","journal-title":"Case Stud. Chem. Environ. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105163_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162342","article-title":"Do the lockdown-imposed changes in a wastewater treatment plant catchment\u2019s socio-demographics impact longitudinal temporal trends in psychoactive pharmaceutical use?","volume":"876","author":"Boogaerts","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total. Environ."},{"issue":"10225","key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105163_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30459-1","article-title":"Indian pharma threatened by COVID-19 shutdowns in China","volume":"395","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"43","key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105163_bib9","article-title":"Social, demographic, and economic correlates of food and chemical consumption measured by wastewater-based epidemiology","volume":"16","author":"Choi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. if Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105163_bib10","article-title":"Prevalence of illicit drugs and pharmaceuticals in environmental waters \u2013 a global spatial review","volume":"21","author":"Coelho","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater. Adv."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105163_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1177\/00048674221079740","article-title":"Changes in antidepressant use in Australia: a nationwide analysis (2015-2021)","volume":"57","author":"Costa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aust. & N. Z. J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105163_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.99107s6907","article-title":"Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the environment: agents of subtle change?","volume":"107","author":"Daughton","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105163_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17030889","article-title":"Monitoring consumption of common illicit drugs in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, by wastewater-based epidemiology","volume":"17","author":"Du","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105163_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2012.08.008","article-title":"Major depression in the Era of economic crisis: a replication of a cross-sectional study across Greece","volume":"145","author":"Economou","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105163_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.155697","article-title":"Use of illicit drugs, alcohol and tobacco in Spain and Portugal during the COVID-19 crisis in 2020 as measured by wastewater-based epidemiology","volume":"836","author":"Est\u00e9vez-Danta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105163_bib16","series-title":"European Drug Report 2018: Trends and Developments","author":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA)","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105163_bib17","article-title":"European Drug Report","volume":"2025","author":"European Union Drugs Agency (EUDA)","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105163_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-2720-y","article-title":"Mental health outcomes in times of economic recession: a systematic literature review","volume":"16","author":"Frasquilho","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Public. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105163_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149014","article-title":"Patterns of pharmaceuticals use during the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic in Athens, Greece as revealed by wastewater-based epidemiology","volume":"798","author":"Galani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total. Environ."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105163_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14767","article-title":"Spatio-temporal assessment of illicit drug use at large scale: evidence from 7 years of international wastewater monitoring","volume":"115","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Mari\u00f1o","year":"2020","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105163_bib21","article-title":"Trends in medication use during the COVID-19 pandemic in Quebec, Canada","volume":"15","author":"Gosselin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105163_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117789","article-title":"Wastewater-based epidemiology for illicit drugs: a critical review on global data","volume":"207","author":"Huizer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105163_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2013.05.017","article-title":"Financial crisis and austerity measures in Greece: their impact on health promotion policies and public health care","volume":"113","author":"Ifanti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Health Policy"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105163_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.111.104257","article-title":"Trends in prescriptions and costs of drugs for mental disorders in England, 1998-2010","volume":"200","author":"Ilyas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105163_bib25","article-title":"Effects of the global financial crisis on health in high-income OECD countries: a narrative review","volume":"46","author":"Karanikolos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Social. Determinants Health Health Serv."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105163_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2008.01.027","article-title":"Prevalence and characteristics of opioid use in the US adult population","volume":"138","author":"Kelly","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105163_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1717295115","article-title":"Global increase and geographic convergence in antibiotic consumption between 2000 and 2015","volume":"115","author":"Klein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105163_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.06.028","article-title":"The impacts of the global financial crisis on hospitalizations due to depressive illnesses in Taiwan: a prospective nationwide population-based study","volume":"221","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105163_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.05.042","article-title":"Estimation of amphetamine and methamphetamine uses in Beijing through sewage-based analysis","volume":"490","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Total. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105163_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149795","article-title":"Illicit drug use in Reykjavik by wastewater-based epidemiology","volume":"803","author":"L\u00f6ve","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total. Environ."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105163_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.0c00357","article-title":"Presence of SARS-Coronavirus-2 RNA in sewage and correlation with reported COVID-19 prevalence in the early stage of the epidemic in The Netherlands","volume":"7","author":"Medema","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. & Technol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105163_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2016.06.047","article-title":"Occurrence and fate of pharmaceuticals in WWTPs in India and comparison with a similar study in the United States","volume":"159","author":"Mohapatra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105163_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.1c00426","article-title":"Trends in substance use in two united states communities during Early COVID-19 lockdowns based on wastewater analysis","volume":"8","author":"Montgomery","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. & Technol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105163_bib34","series-title":"Health at a glance 2023: OECD indicators","author":"Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105163_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12329","article-title":"Burden of disease from inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene in low- and middle-income settings: a retrospective analysis of data from 145 countries","author":"Pr\u00fcss-Ust\u00fcn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105163_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.158747","article-title":"Wastewater-based monitoring of illicit drugs in Cyprus by UPLC-MS\/MS: the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"854","author":"Psichoudaki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105163_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/9056476","article-title":"Contribution of illicit drug use to pharmaceutical load in the environment: a focus on Sub-Saharan Africa","author":"Ripanda","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Public. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105163_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8157","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-07504-w","article-title":"Methamphetamine use in typical Chinese cities evaluated by wastewater-based epidemiology","volume":"27","author":"Shao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105163_bib39","article-title":"Impact of economic crises on mental health care: a systematic review","volume":"29","author":"Silva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Psychiatr. Sci."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105163_bib40","first-page":"2146","article-title":"Illicit drugs, metabolites and adulterants in wastewater: monitoring community drug abuse in the Brazilian Federal district during the 2014 soccer world cup","volume":"28","author":"Sodr\u00e9","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Braz. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105163_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.japh.2021.12.014","article-title":"The global impact of COVID-19 on drug purchases: a cross-sectional time series analysis","volume":"62","author":"Suda","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Pharm. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105163_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2015.10.003","article-title":"Seasonal and spatial variations of PPCP occurrence, removal and mass loading in three wastewater treatment plants located in different urbanization areas in Xiamen, China","volume":"208","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105163_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b02417","article-title":"Reflection of socioeconomic changes in wastewater: licit and illicit drug use patterns","volume":"50","author":"Thomaidis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. & Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105163_bib44","article-title":"EPPI-reviewer: advanced software for systematic reviews, maps and evidence synthesis","author":"Thomas","year":"2023","journal-title":"EPPI Cent. UCL Social. Res. Inst. Univ. Coll. Lond."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105163_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tiwari, A., Kurittu, P., Al-Mustapha, A., Heljanko, V., Johansson, V., Thakali, O., Mishra, S.K., Lehto, K., Lipponen, A., Oikarinen, S., Pitk\u00e4nen, WestPan Study Group, and Heikinheimo, A. (2022) Wastewater surveillance of antibiotic-resistance bacterial pathogens: A systematic review.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.977106"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105163_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph21020206","article-title":"Pharmaceutical and recreational drug usage patterns during and post COVID-19 determined by wastewater-based epidemiology","volume":"21","author":"Tomsone","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105163_bib47","series-title":"World Drug Report 2022","author":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105163_bib48","series-title":"World Drug Report 2024","author":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105163_bib49","series-title":"World Health Statistics 2023: Monitoring health for the SDGs, Sustainable Development Goals","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2023"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105163_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/w15234192","article-title":"Wastewater-based epidemiology: assessing illicit drug usage and impact through and innovative approach","volume":"15","author":"Yi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105163_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-070031","article-title":"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on prescription drug use and costs in British Columbia: a retrospective interrupted time series study","volume":"14","author":"Zeitouny","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Open."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105163_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.01.061","article-title":"Wastewater-based epidemiology in Beijing, China: prevalence of antibiotic use in flu season and association of pharmaceuticals and personal care products with socioeconomic characteristics","volume":"125","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105163_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.125999","article-title":"Assessing patterns of illicit drug use in a Chinese city by analyzing daily wastewater samples over a one-year period","volume":"417","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105163_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.05.007","article-title":"Changes in illicit drug consumption patterns in 2009 detected by wastewater analysis","volume":"118","author":"Zuccato","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drug. Alcohol. Depend."}],"container-title":["Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1382668926002413?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1382668926002413?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T17:29:02Z","timestamp":1791653342000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1382668926002413"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":54,"alternative-id":["S1382668926002413"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105163","relation":{},"ISSN":["1382-6689"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1382-6689","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs in environmental waters: A systematic review and quantitative analysis of global trends 2004\u20132021. Part 1","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105163","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"105163"}}