{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T21:54:01Z","timestamp":1791582841844,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T16:08:36Z","timestamp":1791216516000},"page":"105185","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Fish immunotoxicity research (2015 \u2013 2025): A systematic review of methodological approaches, progress and data gaps"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"128","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3912-0589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kirsten","family":"Germing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8111-950X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Eilebrecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7258-459X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joachim","family":"Kurtz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8963-061X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph","family":"Sch\u00e4fers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elke","family":"Eilebrecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aguilar A., Borrell A. Abnormally high polychlorinated biphenyl levels in striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba) affected by the 1990-1992 Mediterranean epizootic 1994; 154(2-3): 237\u2013247. [https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0048-9697(94)90091-4][PMID: 7973610].","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-9697(94)90091-4"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andersson N., Arena M., Auteri D., et al. Guidance for the identification of endocrine disruptors in the context of Regulations (EU) No 528\/2012 and (EC) No 1107\/2009 2018; 16(6): e05311. [https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2018.5311][PMID: 32625944].","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2018.5311"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2015.05.021","article-title":"Involvement of fish immunomarkers in environmental biomonitoring approach: Urban and agri-viticultural context","volume":"120","author":"Bado-Nilles","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.114650","article-title":"Application of AOPs to assist regulatory assessment of chemical risks - Case studies, needs and recommendations","volume":"217","author":"Bajard","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1099\/acmi.0.000792","article-title":"Publishing negative results is good for science","volume":"6","author":"Bik","year":"2024","journal-title":"Access. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2021.112495","article-title":"Thyroid function and immune status in perch (Perca fluviatilis) from lakes contaminated with PFASs or PCBs","volume":"222","author":"Birgersson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s00251-020-01196-0","article-title":"Anatomy of teleost fish immune structures and organs","volume":"73","author":"Bj\u00f8rgen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunogenetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2024.109371","article-title":"The early ontogenetic development of immune cells and organs in teleosts","volume":"146","author":"Buchmann","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fish. Shellfish. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2019.02.043","article-title":"Identification and functional characterization of a c-type lysozyme from Fenneropenaeus penicillatus","volume":"88","author":"Cai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fish. Shellfish. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s00251-020-01194-2","article-title":"The intersection of stress, sex and immunity in fishes","volume":"73","author":"Campbell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunogenetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1109461","article-title":"The effect of environmental stressors on growth in fish and its endocrine control","volume":"14","author":"Canosa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2025.117484","article-title":"PFAS-exposed zebrafish embryos show impaired innate immune response after infection with mycobacteria","volume":"503","author":"Carlier","year":"2025","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib13","article-title":"Expression Profiles of Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Lysozymes and Preparation of c-Type Lysozyme with High Bacteriolytic Activity against Vibrio vulnificus","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antibiot. (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2017.08.148","article-title":"Sex-dependent effects of subacute mercuric chloride exposure on histology, antioxidant status and immune-related gene expression in the liver of adult zebrafish (Danio rerio)","volume":"188","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.3329\/jsr.v12i1.41716","article-title":"Oxidative Stress in Fish: A Review","volume":"12","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sci. Res."},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib16","article-title":"Microplastics accumulation in gastrointestinal tracts of Mullus barbatus and Merluccius merluccius is associated with increased cytokine production and signaling","volume":"307","author":"Cocci","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2015.10.007","article-title":"Immunotoxic effects of environmental pollutants in marine mammals","volume":"86","author":"Desforges","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/213836","article-title":"Modulation of immune response by organophosphorus pesticides: fishes as a potential model in immunotoxicology","volume":"2015","author":"D\u00edaz-Resendiz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2017.09.020","article-title":"Modification of the plasma complement protein profile by exogenous estrogens is indicative of a compromised immune competence in marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma)","volume":"70","author":"Dong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fish. Shellfish. Immunol."},{"issue":"S1","key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1111\/raq.12738","article-title":"From Africa to the world\u2014The journey of Nile tilapia","volume":"15","author":"El-Sayed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev. Aquac."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib21","unstructured":"Ensembl. GRCz11 (Genome Reference Consortium Zebrafish Build 11), INSDC Assembly GCA_000002035.4, May 2017; 2018 [cited 2026 March 11] Available from: URL: https:\/\/www.ensembl.org\/Danio_rerio\/Info\/Annotation."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2022.113346","article-title":"Transcriptomic profiling of clobetasol propionate-induced immunosuppression in challenged zebrafish embryos","volume":"233","author":"Essfeld","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib23","unstructured":"European Chemicals Agency. Key areas of regulatory challenge. First edition. Helsinki: ECHA_1 2023."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2019.00316","article-title":"mRNA Expression and Biomarker Responses in Perch at a Biomonitoring Site in the Baltic Sea \u2013 Possible Influence of Natural Brominated Chemicals","volume":"6","author":"F\u00f6rlin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252212008","article-title":"Zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a Model System to Investigate the Role of the Innate Immune Response in Human Infectious Diseases","volume":"25","author":"Franza","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.3354\/dao042191","article-title":"Standardization of experimental infection with Flavobacterium psychrophilum, the agent of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss fry syndrome","volume":"42","author":"Garcia","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dis. Aquat. Organ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2025.144276","article-title":"vivo verification of fish keratocyte explant culture for use as innate immunotoxicity screening assay: 2,4-Dicholorphenoxyacetic acid effects in fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) keratocyte cell sheet migration","volume":"376","author":"George","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib28","unstructured":"OECD, Guidance Document for the Use of Adverse Outcome Pathways in Developing Integrated Approaches to Testing and Assessment (IATA). OECD 2017."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/ftox.2022.1010185","article-title":"Blood concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances are associated with autoimmune-like effects in American alligators from Wilmington, North Carolina","volume":"4","author":"Guillette","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Toxicol."},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-9697(92)90039-U","article-title":"Organochlorine levels in common seals (Phoca vitulina) which were victims and survivors of the 1988 phocine distemper epizootic","volume":"115","author":"Hall","year":"1992","journal-title":"Sci. Total. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2025.107309","article-title":"Immunotoxicity of thyroid hormone system disrupting compounds in fish","volume":"282","author":"Hasani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2016.11.024","article-title":"Clobetasol propionate causes immunosuppression in zebrafish (Danio rerio) at environmentally relevant concentrations","volume":"138","author":"Hidasi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2005.07.008","article-title":"Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) innate immune factors are present before hatching","volume":"20","author":"Huttenhuis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Fish. Shellfish. Immunol."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22158305","article-title":"Ecological Risks Due to Immunotoxicological Effects on Aquatic Organisms","volume":"22","author":"Kataoka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3733","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1321614111","article-title":"Trends in structural coverage of the protein universe and the impact of the Protein Structure Initiative","volume":"111","author":"Khafizov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2017.02.041","article-title":"Immunotoxic effects of single and combined pharmaceuticals exposure on a harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) B lymphoma cell line","volume":"118","author":"Kleinert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.4125","article-title":"Adverse outcome pathway networks I: Development and applications","volume":"37","author":"Knapen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics13080653","article-title":"Application of Multi-Omics Techniques in Aquatic Ecotoxicology: A Review","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2017.08.043","article-title":"ALDH7A1 is a protein that protects Atlantic salmon against Aeromonas salmonicida at the early stages of infection","volume":"70","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fish. Shellfish. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00095","article-title":"The Inclusion of a Supercritical Fluid Extract, Obtained From Honey Bee Pollen, in the Diet of Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata), Improves Fish Immune Response by Enhancing Anti-oxidant, and Anti-bacterial Activities","volume":"7","author":"Messina","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2022.113872","article-title":"Ferroptosis is partially responsible for dexamethasone-induced T cell ablation, but not osteoporosis in larval zebrafish","volume":"242","author":"Miao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.3390\/fishes8020093","article-title":"Main Components of Fish Immunity: An Overview of the Fish Immune System","volume":"8","author":"Mokhtar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fishes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110303","article-title":"Endocrine disrupters affect the immune system of fish: The example of the European seabass","volume":"162","author":"Monsinjon","year":"2025","journal-title":"Fish. Shellfish. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02100","article-title":"Commensal Microbiota Regulate Vertebrate Innate Immunity-Insights From the Zebrafish","volume":"10","author":"Murdoch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2020.104610","article-title":"Evaluation of in vitro and in vivo potential of Bacillus subtilis MBTDCMFRI Ba37 as a candidate probiont in fish health management","volume":"152","author":"Nair","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2008.00701.x","article-title":"The interleukin-1 receptor\/Toll-like receptor superfamily: 10 years of progress","volume":"226","author":"O'Neill","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib47","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.10.256","article-title":"Comparative biomarker responses in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) exposed to benzoapyrene and challenged with betanodavirus at three different life stages","volume":"652","author":"Pannetier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total. Environ."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4251","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c07343","article-title":"Antibiotic Chlortetracycline Causes Transgenerational Immunosuppression via NF-\u03baB","volume":"56","author":"Qiu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2017.03.002","article-title":"Suppressive immunoregulatory effects of three antidepressants via inhibition of the nuclear factor-\u03baB activation assessed using primary macrophages of carp (Cyprinus carpio)","volume":"322","author":"Qiu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b04226","article-title":"Toxic Effects of Bisphenol S Showing Immunomodulation in Fish Macrophages","volume":"52","author":"Qiu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3167","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-82711-5","article-title":"Evaluation of an in vitro assay to screen for the immunotoxic potential of chemicals to fish","volume":"11","author":"Rehberger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1080\/10408444.2017.1288024","article-title":"20 Years of fish immunotoxicology - what we know and where we are","volume":"47","author":"Rehberger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105836","article-title":"Long-term exposure to low 17\u03b1-ethinylestradiol (EE2) concentrations disrupts both the reproductive and the immune system of juvenile rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss","volume":"142","author":"Rehberger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.2174\/0929866524666161121142221","article-title":"Acute Phase Proteins and their Potential Role as an Indicator for Fish Health and in Diagnosis of Fish Diseases","volume":"24","author":"Roy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Protein Pept. Lett."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.4154","article-title":"Cytotoxic and immunological responses of fish leukocytes to nodularin exposure in vitro","volume":"41","author":"Rymuszka","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib57","article-title":"rrvgo: a Bioconductor package for interpreting lists of Gene Ontology terms","volume":"2023","author":"Sayols","year":"2023","journal-title":"MicroPubl. Biol."},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22179460","article-title":"Immunotoxicity of Xenobiotics in Fish: A Role for the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR)?","volume":"22","author":"Segner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib59","series-title":"Fish immunotoxicology: research at the crossroads of immunology, ecology and toxicology","author":"Segner","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.835767","article-title":"Assessing Fish Immunotoxicity by Means of In Vitro Assays: Are We There Yet?","volume":"13","author":"Segner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2019.03.064","article-title":"Molecular cloning, characterization, and expression level analysis of a marine teleost homolog of catalase from big belly seahorse (Hippocampus abdominalis)","volume":"89","author":"Sellaththurai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fish. Shellfish. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2019.05.012","article-title":"Assessment of the cytotoxic impact of cyanotoxin beta-N-methylamino-L-alanine on a fish immune cell line","volume":"212","author":"Sieroslawska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.120784","article-title":"Advancing environmental monitoring across the water continuum combining biomarker analysis in multiple sentinel species: A case study in the Seine-Normandie Basin (France)","volume":"358","author":"Slaby","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib64","first-page":"572","article-title":"A fresh perspective-advancing fish immunotoxicology in a complex world","volume":"600","author":"Smith","year":"2026"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/ftox.2024.1339104","article-title":"New approach methodologies to enhance human health risk assessment of immunotoxic properties of chemicals - a PARC (Partnership for the Assessment of Risk from Chemicals) project","volume":"6","author":"Snapkow","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Toxicol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2011.06.121","article-title":"Zebrafish embryos as an alternative to animal experiments--a commentary on the definition of the onset of protected life stages in animal welfare regulations","volume":"33","author":"Str\u00e4hle","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2022.06.020","article-title":"Diel rhythm of the inflammatory cytokine il1b in the Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) regulated by core components of the circadian clock","volume":"127","author":"Takeuchi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fish. Shellfish. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.05.008","article-title":"Advancing the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) as a model for immunotoxicity testing: Characterization of the renal transcriptome following Yersinia ruckeri infection","volume":"103","author":"Thornton Hampton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fish. Shellfish. Immunol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-6915(88)90006-3","article-title":"Identification of immunotoxic effects of chemicals and assessment of their relevance to man","volume":"26","author":"Trizio","year":"1988","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.14319","article-title":"Host-pathogen interactions under pressure: A review and meta-analysis of stress-mediated effects on disease dynamics","volume":"26","author":"Vicente-Santos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1734","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.4124","article-title":"Adverse outcome pathway networks II: Network analytics","volume":"37","author":"Villeneuve","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3697","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-017-2020-z","article-title":"Adverse outcome pathways: a concise introduction for toxicologists","volume":"91","author":"Vinken","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.125918","article-title":"Polystyrene nanoplastics alter virus replication in orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) spleen and brain tissues and spleen cells","volume":"416","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"issue":"Pt A","key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.08.070","article-title":"Atrazine hinders PMA-induced neutrophil extracellular traps in carp via the promotion of apoptosis and inhibition of ROS burst, autophagy and glycolysis","volume":"243","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.134235","article-title":"Bioaccumulation of manganese and its effects on oxidative stress and immune response in juvenile groupers (Epinephelus moara \u2640 \u00d7 E. lanceolatus \u2642)","volume":"297","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2025.107336","article-title":"Dioxin and PCB levels in sea trout with ulcerative disease syndrome","volume":"283","author":"Warenik-Bany","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2011.04.007","article-title":"17Beta-estradiol affects the response of complement components and survival of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) challenged by bacterial infection","volume":"31","author":"Wenger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fish. Shellfish. Immunol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0177(199904)214:4<323::AID-AJA5>3.0.CO;2-3","article-title":"Early hematopoiesis and developing lymphoid organs in the zebrafish","volume":"214","author":"Willett","year":"1999","journal-title":"Dev. Dyn."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2016.09.004","article-title":"Stereoselective induction of developmental toxicity and immunotoxicity by acetochlor in the early life stage of zebrafish","volume":"164","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3600039","article-title":"Characterization of zebrafish caspase-3 and induction of apoptosis through ceramide generation in fish fathead minnow tailbud cells and zebrafish embryo","volume":"360","author":"Yabu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2021.109064","article-title":"Immunotoxicological effects of insecticides in exposed fishes","volume":"247","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2018.07.019","article-title":"Sex-specific immunomodulatory action of the environmentalestrogen 17\u03b1-ethynylestradiol alongside with reproductive impairment in fish","volume":"203","author":"Ye","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695-020-00814-8","article-title":"Antioxidative and immunoprotective potential of Chlorella vulgaris dietary supplementation against chlorpyrifos-induced toxicity in Nile tilapia","volume":"46","author":"Zahran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fish. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.03.126","article-title":"The immune responses of the Chinese rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of cypermethrin and subsequently infected by the bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens","volume":"250","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2022.109445","article-title":"Hepatopancreas toxicity and immunotoxicity of a fungicide, pyraclostrobin, on common carp","volume":"262","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121885","article-title":"Avermectin inhibits neutrophil extracellular traps release by activating PTEN demethylation to negatively regulate the PI3K-ERK pathway and reducing respiratory burst in carp","volume":"389","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109688","article-title":"Perfluorodecanesulfonate (PFDS) induces innate immune toxicity through the NF-\u03baB pathway in early life stage zebrafish","volume":"202","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1111\/raq.12616","article-title":"Immune functions of phagocytic blood cells in teleost","volume":"14","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Aquac."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1006\/cyto.1998.0470","article-title":"Molecular cloning of interleukin 1beta from rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss reveals no evidence of an ice cut site","volume":"11","author":"Zou","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cytokine"}],"container-title":["Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1382668926002632?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1382668926002632?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T21:10:53Z","timestamp":1791580253000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1382668926002632"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"references-count":89,"alternative-id":["S1382668926002632"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185","relation":{},"ISSN":["1382-6689"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1382-6689","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Fish immunotoxicity research (2015 \u2013 2025): A systematic review of methodological approaches, progress and data gaps","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.etap.2026.105185","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"105185"}}