{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T11:53:53Z","timestamp":1762430033360},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"5-6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,16]],"date-time":"2020-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586995200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":5372,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur. psychiatr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S0924933800241424_sec1\" sec-type=\"other\"><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this cross-sectional study we compared alcohol-dependent smokers and non-alcohol-dependent smokers with respect to intensity of nicotine dependence, craving conditions, sleep disturbances, comorbidity with major depression, reasons for smoking, accompanying somatic diseases and patients' prolonged abstinence from smoking during the 3 years preceding the study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0924933800241424_sec2\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Subjects and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fifty-one alcohol-dependent smokers and 327 non-alcohol-dependent smokers diagnosed as ICD-10 and DSM-IV-nicotine dependent, were investigated by means of the Fagerstr\u00f6m Test for Nicotine Dependence, the L\u00fcbeck Craving-Recurrence Risk Questionnaire and the Lesch Alcohol Dependence Typology (both adapted to smoking).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0924933800241424_sec3\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The intensity of nicotine dependence was more enhanced in alcohol-dependent smokers compared to non-alcohol-dependent smokers. Several variables of all factors of craving (\u201cdepressive mood\u201d, \u201cstimulation\u201d, \u201crelaxation\u201d, \u201csocially triggered tension\u201d) were significantly increased in alcohol-dependent patients (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05). Alcohol-dependent smokers showed depressive symptoms and sleep disturbances, whilst non-alcohol-dependent individuals mainly smoked for stress release and weight control.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0924933800241424_sec4\" sec-type=\"discussion\"><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our study demonstrates that the intensity of nicotine dependence, several conditions of craving for nicotine, sleep disturbances and symptoms of depression appear to be enhanced in alcohol-dependent smokers compared with non-alcohol-dependent smokers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0924933800241424_sec5\" sec-type=\"conclusions\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>It is hoped that the factors of craving and reasons for smoking identified in this study will contribute to a better understanding of smoking temptation in alcohol-dependent smokers and non-alcohol-dependent smokers in future.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2005.06.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,8,11]],"date-time":"2005-08-11T13:12:48Z","timestamp":1123765968000},"page":"442-450","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Craving and other characteristics of the comorbidity of alcohol and nicotine dependence"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Ines","family":"Hertling","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katrin","family":"Ramskogler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Dvorak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anton","family":"Klingler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gerda","family":"Saletu-Zyhlarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rudolf","family":"Schoberberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henriette","family":"Walter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Kunze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Otto Michael","family":"Lesch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0924933800241424_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.97.2.118"},{"key":"S0924933800241424_bib0042","first-page":"75","article-title":"Assessment of \u201ccraving\u201d in alcoholic patients using a new questionnaire (L\u00fcbeck Craving-Recurrence Risk Questionnaire)","volume":"106","author":"Veltrup","year":"1994","journal-title":"Wien. 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