{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T00:07:36Z","timestamp":1781222856057,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,16]],"date-time":"2020-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586995200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":4885,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur. psychiatr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S0924933800260057_sec1\" sec-type=\"intro\"><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are derived by chemical manipulation of the testosterone molecule. The specified category of drugs produces anabolic, androgenic and psycho-active effects including elevated aggressive, hostile, violent and anti social behavior.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0924933800260057_sec2\" sec-type=\"other\"><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The objective of this case report observational study was to evaluate the possible psychological consequences of AS use in the twin user of each pair, compared with the non-user twin.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0924933800260057_sec3\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title><jats:p>We studied two pairs of male monozygotic twins: one pair 24 years old and the other 31 years old, with absolute genome and phenotype similarity. One of the twins of each pair used AAS while the other did not. Both pairs lived in Hellenic provincial towns and followed a common training and nutrition regime. The psychometric instruments used were the Symptoms Check List-90 (SCL-90) and the Hostility and Direction of Hostility Questionnaire (HDHQ). The psychometric evaluations took place within a time interval of 6 months.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0924933800260057_sec4\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study found high levels of aggressiveness, hostility, anxiety and paranoid ideation in the twins who used AS. The non-user twins showed no deviation from their initial status.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0924933800260057_sec5\" sec-type=\"conclusions\"><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The use of AAS induced several important psychiatric changes in monozygotic twins which were not present in the twin who did not use AAS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2005.11.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,14]],"date-time":"2006-03-14T13:48:09Z","timestamp":1142344089000},"page":"563-569","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Psychiatric and hostility factors related to use of anabolic steroids in monozygotic twins"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Thomas A.","family":"Pagonis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikiforos V.","family":"Angelopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George N.","family":"Koukoulis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christos S.","family":"Hadjichristodoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paraskevi N.","family":"Toli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0924933800260057_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.psy.46.4.285"},{"key":"S0924933800260057_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10401239409148835"},{"key":"S0924933800260057_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200434080-00003"},{"key":"S0924933800260057_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-8206.2004.00298.x"},{"key":"S0924933800260057_bib28","first-page":"1365","article-title":"Doping: epidemiological studies","volume":"29","author":"Laure","year":"2000","journal-title":"Presse Med, 8-15"},{"key":"S0924933800260057_bib26","volume-title":"Manual of the Hostility and Direction of Hostility Questionnaire","author":"Caine","year":"1967"},{"key":"S0924933800260057_bib24","first-page":"904","article-title":"Analysis of illegally distributed anabolic steroid products by liquid chromotography with identity confirmation by mass spectrometry or infrared spectrophotometry","volume":"73","author":"Walters","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. 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