{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T22:28:13Z","timestamp":1769207293619,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,16]],"date-time":"2020-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586995200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":4946,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur. psychiatr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S0924933800260227_abs1\" sec-type=\"other\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>\u2013 Earlier studies on the influence of pregnancy and postpartum period on the course of panic disorder have been inconsistent. The present study aims to quantify panic manifestations in these periods in large sample of women.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0924933800260227_abs2\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>\u2013 Panic manifestations, including exacerbations and new manifestations of panic disorder, were assessed retrospectively in a sample of 128 women with panic disorder with or without agoraphobia, 93 of whom had had 195 pregnancies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0924933800260227_abs3\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>\u2013 Panic manifestations were fewer during pregnancy and more frequent in the postpartum period when compared with the control period. Women who had never been pregnant had significantly more panic manifestations than women with prior pregnancies. Breastfeeding and miscarriages did not have a significant effect. Women with postpartum panic reported more psychosocial stress events during this period.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0924933800260227_abs4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>\u2013 Possible reasons for postpartum panic and the protective effects of pregnancy are discussed, including psychosocial or hormonal factors and other neurobiological changes. Postpartum panic coincides with a sudden drop of hormones after delivery.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2005.11.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,14]],"date-time":"2006-03-14T13:48:09Z","timestamp":1142344089000},"page":"495-500","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Panic disorder during pregnancy and postpartum period"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Borwin","family":"Bandelow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Felicita","family":"Sojka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Broocks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G\u00f6ran","family":"Hajak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Bleich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eckart","family":"R\u00fcther","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0924933800260227_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.5.596"},{"key":"S0924933800260227_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-3552(89)80069-0"},{"key":"S0924933800260227_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.157.2.185"},{"key":"S0924933800260227_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-199809020-00004"},{"key":"S0924933800260227_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-200014040-00005"},{"key":"S0924933800260227_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(95)00063-1"},{"key":"S0924933800260227_bib42","first-page":"476","article-title":"Postpartum onset of panic disorder: a coincidental event?","volume":"54","author":"Sholomskas","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0924933800260227_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.154.12.1641"},{"key":"S0924933800260227_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(96)00264-3"},{"key":"S0924933800260227_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.99.1.3"},{"key":"S0924933800260227_bib34","first-page":"278","article-title":"Postpartum panic disorder","volume":"49","author":"Metz","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0924933800260227_bib32","first-page":"268","article-title":"Postpartum anxiety disorder","volume":"50","author":"Kraus","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0924933800260227_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1002\/anxi.3070010507","article-title":"Preliminary look at the effects of pregnancy on the course of panic disorder","volume":"1","author":"Klein","year":"1994","journal-title":"Anxiety"},{"key":"S0924933800260227_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/01674829909075578"},{"key":"S0924933800260227_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-200010000-00022"},{"key":"S0924933800260227_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.168.6.739"},{"key":"S0924933800260227_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.308.6934.949"},{"key":"S0924933800260227_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.11.1688a","article-title":"Pregnancy and estrogen-induced panic","volume":"152","author":"Griez","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0924933800260227_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)91414-2"},{"key":"S0924933800260227_bib17","first-page":"286","article-title":"Postpartum anxiety disorder","volume":"50","author":"Fisch","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0924933800260227_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4530(94)90044-2"},{"key":"S0924933800260227_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.163.1.27"},{"key":"S0924933800260227_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(95)00300-2"},{"key":"S0924933800260227_bib12","first-page":"289","article-title":"Postpartum course in women with preexisting panic disorder","volume":"55","author":"Cohen","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0924933800260227_bib10","first-page":"229","article-title":"The influence of estrogen on monoamine oxidase activity","volume":"33","author":"Chakravorty","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol. Bull."},{"key":"S0924933800260227_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(98)00044-4"},{"key":"S0924933800260227_bib8","volume-title":"Nichtparametrische Analyse Longitudinaler Daten","author":"Brunner","year":"1999"},{"key":"S0924933800260227_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.157.6.924"},{"key":"S0924933800260227_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.53.1.39"},{"key":"S0924933800260227_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-199706000-00019"},{"key":"S0924933800260227_bib11","first-page":"284","article-title":"Impact of pregnancy on panic disorder: a case series","volume":"55","author":"Cohen","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0924933800260227_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1017\/S0924933800003618","article-title":"Increase of panic during the second half of pregnancy","volume":"9","author":"Verburg","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur. Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0924933800260227_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.144.8.1078","article-title":"Effect of pregnancy on panic attacks","volume":"144","author":"George","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0924933800260227_bib49","volume-title":"Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines","year":"1991"},{"key":"S0924933800260227_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-979494"},{"key":"S0924933800260227_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(96)00069-9"},{"key":"S0924933800260227_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370004500309"},{"key":"S0924933800260227_bib33","first-page":"476","volume-title":"Basic and Clinicl Endocrinology, 2nd ed","author":"Martin","year":"1986"},{"key":"S0924933800260227_bib52","volume-title":"Strukturiertes Klinisches Interview f\u00fcr DSM-IV","author":"Wittchen","year":"1997"},{"key":"S0924933800260227_bib19","first-page":"34","article-title":"Comorbidity of depression and panic disorder","volume":"57","author":"Gorman","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0924933800260227_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/01674828909016694"},{"key":"S0924933800260227_bib7","volume-title":"Nonparametric Analysis of Longitudinal Data in Factorial Experiments","author":"Brunner","year":"2002"},{"key":"S0924933800260227_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.6.6.1347506"},{"key":"S0924933800260227_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700035315"},{"key":"S0924933800260227_bib39","first-page":"4","article-title":"Gender differences in the epidemiology and treatment of anxiety disorders","volume":"60","author":"Pigott","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0924933800260227_bib2","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition","year":"1994"},{"key":"S0924933800260227_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1993.01820160076009"},{"key":"S0924933800260227_bib22","first-page":"281","article-title":"Hormonal interventions with psychopharmacological potential: an overview","volume":"33","author":"Halbreich","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol. Bull."},{"key":"S0924933800260227_bib36","first-page":"539","article-title":"Panic disorder in pregnancy","volume":"55","author":"Northcott","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0924933800260227_bib48","first-page":"201","article-title":"The effects of pregnancy on preexisting panic disorder","volume":"53","author":"Villeponteaux","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0924933800260227_bib30","first-page":"293","article-title":"Pregnancy and panic disorder","volume":"55","author":"Klein","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0924933800260227_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.157.3.454"},{"key":"S0924933800260227_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(00)00183-9"}],"container-title":["European Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0924933805002142?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0924933805002142?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0924933800260227","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,3]],"date-time":"2024-02-03T08:53:13Z","timestamp":1706950393000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0924933800260227\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,10]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0924933800260227"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2005.11.005","relation":{},"ISSN":["0924-9338","1778-3585"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0924-9338","type":"print"},{"value":"1778-3585","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,10]]}}}