{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T22:08:11Z","timestamp":1767650891165},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,15]],"date-time":"2020-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586908800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":2053,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,1]],"date-time":"2014-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1409529600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["europsy-journal.com","em-consulte.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur. psychiatr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S0924933800244817_abs1\" sec-type=\"other\"><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Except in broad outline, little is known about the most likely symptomatic trajectories in prodromal schizophrenia. The aim of this study is to delineate these pathways.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0924933800244817_abs2\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Taking into account existing clinical knowledge, the causal relationships between the 12 prodrome scales of the <jats:italic>Schizotypic Syndrome Questionnaire<\/jats:italic> (SSQ) were examined in a general-population sample by applying the mathematical theory of directed graphs. Use was made of two discovery algorithms implemented in the Tetrad-4 program, as well as of the graphical DAGitty program to test whether a particular model holds.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0924933800244817_abs3\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A promising model was selected that may describe the causal pathways in schizophrenic prodromal unfolding. Testing this model by means of DAGitty, it was shown that the minimal testable implications, listed as conditional independences, and the direct and total effects in the model, identified after correction for bias, were as hypothesized. For practical reasons, a simpler version of the resulting SSQ model, containing only its principal pathways, was provided.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0924933800244817_abs4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although resembling an earlier model that was based on a series of LISREL analyses, the present model was believed to provide a more dependable description of schizophrenic prodromal unfolding, as it relies on methods that are less subject to the limitations involved in SEM.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2013.11.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,17]],"date-time":"2013-12-17T15:15:41Z","timestamp":1387293341000},"page":"437-448","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The SSQ model of schizophrenic prodromal unfolding revised: An analysis of its causal chains based on the language of directed graphs"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"D.","family":"van Kampen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0924933800244817_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-0631-3_11"},{"key":"S0924933800244817_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-8-70"},{"key":"S0924933800244817_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.107.4.558"},{"key":"S0924933800244817_bib0190","first-page":"415","article-title":"The new challenge: from a century of statistics to an age of causation","volume":"29","author":"Pearl","year":"1997","journal-title":"Comput Science Statist"},{"key":"S0924933800244817_bib0245","first-page":"405","volume-title":"PSA 1984, vol. 2","author":"Sober","year":"1984"},{"key":"S0924933800244817_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2010.09060883"},{"key":"S0924933800244817_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118"},{"key":"S0924933800244817_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e318225c2be"},{"key":"S0924933800244817_bib0220","author":"Scheines","year":"1997","journal-title":"An introduction to causal inference. Carnegie Mellon University, Department of Philosophy, Paper 430"},{"key":"S0924933800244817_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.schbul.a007036"},{"key":"S0924933800244817_bib0125","volume-title":"LISREL-8: structural equation modeling with the SIMPLIS command language","author":"J\u00f6reskog","year":"1995"},{"key":"S0924933800244817_bib0275","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.02.011"},{"key":"S0924933800244817_bib0145","volume-title":"Commentator: a front-end user interface module for graphical and structural equation modeling. Technical report R-364","author":"Kyono","year":"2010"},{"key":"S0924933800244817_bib0160","first-page":"15","volume-title":"Delusional beliefs","author":"Maher","year":"1988"},{"key":"S0924933800244817_bib0195","volume-title":"Causality: Models, reasoning, and inference","author":"Pearl","year":"2000"},{"key":"S0924933800244817_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327906mbr3301_3"},{"key":"S0924933800244817_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0026485"},{"key":"S0924933800244817_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2010.510068"},{"key":"S0924933800244817_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2010.10060854"},{"key":"S0924933800244817_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.103.3.391"},{"key":"S0924933800244817_bib0295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-7893.2009.00120.x"},{"key":"S0924933800244817_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.2.022305.095318"},{"key":"S0924933800244817_bib0035","first-page":"507","article-title":"Optimal structure identification with greedy search","volume":"3","author":"Chickering","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Machine Learn Res"},{"key":"S0924933800244817_bib0010","volume-title":"Scale for the assessment of negative symptoms (SANS)","author":"Andreasen","year":"1984"},{"key":"S0924933800244817_bib0310","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/22.2.353"},{"key":"S0924933800244817_bib0045","volume-title":"Factor analysis: an applied approach","author":"Cureton","year":"1983"},{"key":"S0924933800244817_bib0280","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1745017900905010009"},{"key":"S0924933800244817_bib0260","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.157.7.1041"},{"key":"S0924933800244817_bib0300","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-010-9204-7"},{"key":"S0924933800244817_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15328007SEM1002_8"},{"key":"S0924933800244817_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0920-9964(92)90004-O"},{"key":"S0924933800244817_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(01)00209-2"},{"key":"S0924933800244817_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118619179"},{"key":"S0924933800244817_bib0020","volume-title":"Handbuch der Psychiatrie","author":"Bleuler","year":"1911"},{"key":"S0924933800244817_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.135.4.420","article-title":"Stages of onset of schizophrenic psychosis","volume":"135","author":"Docherty","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am J Psychiat"},{"key":"S0924933800244817_bib0075","volume-title":"Statistical methods for research workers","author":"Fisher","year":"1954"},{"key":"S0924933800244817_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511570667"},{"key":"S0924933800244817_bib0080","volume-title":"Discovering causal structure: artificial intelligence, philosophy of science, and statistical modeling","author":"Glymour","year":"1987"},{"key":"S0924933800244817_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-76841-5_10"},{"key":"S0924933800244817_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-79429-2_3"},{"key":"S0924933800244817_bib0110","unstructured":"[22] Hitchcock, C. Probabilistic causation. In: Zalta, E.N. editors. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter Edition) http:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/archives\/win2011\/entries\/causation-probabilistic\/."},{"key":"S0924933800244817_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15328007SEM0702_4"},{"key":"S0924933800244817_bib0130","volume-title":"Psychiatrie: Ein Lehrbuch f\u00fcr Studierende und \u00c4rzte","author":"Kraepelin","year":"1913"},{"key":"S0924933800244817_bib0135","volume-title":"K\u00f6rperbau und Character: Untersuchungen zum Konstitutionsproblem und zur Lehre von den Temperamenten","author":"Kretschmer","year":"1942"},{"key":"S0924933800244817_bib0155","first-page":"475","article-title":"Controlling the false discovery rate of the association\/causality structure learned with the PC algorithm","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Machine Learn Res"},{"key":"S0924933800244817_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2006.09.023"},{"key":"S0924933800244817_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033442"},{"key":"S0924933800244817_bib0185","volume-title":"Probabilistic reasoning in intelligent systems","author":"Pearl","year":"1988"},{"key":"S0924933800244817_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511803161"},{"key":"S0924933800244817_bib0205","first-page":"68","volume-title":"Handbook of structural equation modelling","author":"Pearl","year":"2012"},{"key":"S0924933800244817_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/10280-001"},{"key":"S0924933800244817_bib0285","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2011.627966"},{"key":"S0924933800244817_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/17.4.555"},{"key":"S0924933800244817_bib0235","volume-title":"Cause and correlation in biology. A user's guide to path analysis, structural equations and causal inference","author":"Shipley","year":"2004"},{"key":"S0924933800244817_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/1754.001.0001"},{"key":"S0924933800244817_bib0265","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-0984(200005\/06)14:3<217::AID-PER374>3.0.CO;2-G"},{"key":"S0924933800244817_bib0290","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-9-27"},{"key":"S0924933800244817_bib0305","first-page":"90","volume-title":"The philosophy of science: an encyclopedia","author":"Wilson","year":"2006"},{"key":"S0924933800244817_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-010-9183-8"},{"key":"S0924933800244817_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.1962.tb02313.x"},{"key":"S0924933800244817_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1991.01810350009002"},{"key":"S0924933800244817_bib0270","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.20134"}],"container-title":["European Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0924933813004422?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0924933813004422?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0924933800244817","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,17]],"date-time":"2020-04-17T08:50:13Z","timestamp":1587113413000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0924933800244817\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,9]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0924933800244817"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2013.11.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["0924-9338","1778-3585"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0924-9338","type":"print"},{"value":"1778-3585","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The SSQ model of schizophrenic prodromal unfolding revised: An analysis of its causal chains based on the language of directed graphs","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"European Psychiatry","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2013.11.001","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2013 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}