{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T21:49:23Z","timestamp":1792273763495,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,16]],"date-time":"2016-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1481846400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,16]],"date-time":"2016-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1481846400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["europsy-journal.com","clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.fr","em-consulte.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur. psychiatr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S0924933800191850_abs1\" sec-type=\"other\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Latent toxoplasmosis, the life-long presence of dormant stages of <jats:italic>Toxoplasma<\/jats:italic> in immunoprivileged organs and of anamnestic IgG antibodies in blood, affects about 30% of humans. Infected subjects have an increased incidence of various disorders, including schizophrenia. Several studies, as well as the character of toxoplasmosis-associated disturbance of neurotransmitters, suggest that toxoplasmosis could also play an etiological role in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0924933800191850_abs2\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of the present cross-sectional study performed on a population of 7471 volunteers was to confirm the association between toxoplasmosis and OCD, and toxoplasmosis and psychological symptoms of OCD estimated by the standard Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0924933800191850_abs3\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Incidence of OCD was 2.18% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 39) in men and 2.28% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 83) in women. Subjects with toxoplasmosis had about a 2.5 times higher odds of OCD and about a 2.7 times higher odds of learning disabilities. The incidence of 18 other neuropsychiatric disorders did not differ between <jats:italic>Toxoplasma<\/jats:italic>-infected and <jats:italic>Toxoplasma<\/jats:italic>-free subjects. The infected subjects, even the OCD-free subjects, scored higher on the OCI-R.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Limitations: Examined subjects provided the information about their toxoplasmosis and OCD statuses themselves, which could result in underrating the strength of observed associations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0924933800191850_abs4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results confirmed earlier reports of the association between toxoplasmosis and OCD. They also support recent claims that latent toxoplasmosis is in fact a serious disease with many impacts on quality of life of patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2016.09.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,16]],"date-time":"2016-12-16T23:57:34Z","timestamp":1481932654000},"page":"82-87","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["<i>Toxoplasma<\/i>-Infected Subjects Report an Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Diagnosis More Often and Score Higher in Obsessive-Compulsive 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