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The debate hinges on scientific evidence such as neurobiological findings, family history of psychiatric disorders, psychiatric comorbidity, and personality variables.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0924933800240042_abs2\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the \u201cBaden-W\u00fcrttemberg Study of Pathological Gambling\u201d, we compared a group of 515 male pathological gamblers receiving treatment with 269 matched healthy controls. We studied differences in sociodemographic characteristics, gambling-related variables, psychiatric comorbidity (lifetime), family history of psychiatric conditions, as well as personality traits such as impulsivity (Barratt Impulsiveness Scale), sensation seeking (Zuckerman's Sensation Seeking Scale) and the NEO-FFI big five. Personality traits were validated in an age- and ethnicity-matched subsample of \u201cpure\u201d gamblers without any psychiatric comorbidity (including nicotine dependence). Data were analyzed using two-sample <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>-tests, Chi<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> analyses, Fisher's exact test and Pearson correlation analysis, as appropriate. Bonferroni correction was applied to correct for multiple comparisons.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0924933800240042_abs3\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Only 1% of the gamblers had been diagnosed with an impulse control disorder other than gambling (ICD-10). Notably, 88% of the gamblers in our sample had a comorbid diagnosis of substance dependence. The highest axis I comorbidity rate was for nicotine dependence (80%), followed by alcohol dependence (28%). Early age of first gambling experience was correlated with gambling severity. Compared to first-degree relatives of controls, first-degree relatives of pathological gamblers were more likely to suffer from alcohol dependence (27.0% vs. 7.4%), pathological gambling (8.3% vs. 0.7%) and suicide attempts (2.7% vs. 0.4%). Significant group differences were observed for the NEO-FFI factors neuroticism, agreeableness and conscientiousness. Gamblers were also more impulsive than controls, but did not differ from controls in terms of sensation seeking.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0924933800240042_abs4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings support classifying pathological gambling as a behavioural addiction in the ICD-11. This decision will have a significant impact on the approaches available for prevention (e.g. age limits) and treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2016.12.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,24]],"date-time":"2016-12-24T04:32:57Z","timestamp":1482553977000},"page":"120-128","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Comorbidity, family history and personality traits in pathological gamblers compared with healthy 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