{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T22:52:45Z","timestamp":1784155965757,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,23]],"date-time":"2020-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584921600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":934,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,1]],"date-time":"2017-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1504224000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Academy of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["grant numbers 278\u00a0286, 268\u00a0336"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant numbers 278\u00a0286, 268\u00a0336"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006306","name":"Sigrid Jus\u00e9lius Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006306","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004871","name":"Brain & Behavior Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010125","name":"Jalmari and Rauha Ahokas Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010125","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003125","name":"Finnish Cultural Foundation Lapland Regional Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003125","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011935","name":"Northern Finland Health Care Support Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011935","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006432","name":"scholarship Fund of the University of Oulu - Tyyni Tani Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006432","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Foundation for Psychiatric Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007083","name":"Orion Research Foundation sr","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007083","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["europsy-journal.com","clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.fr","em-consulte.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur. psychiatr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S0924933800087575_abst0005\" sec-type=\"other\"><jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Higher lifetime antipsychotic exposure has been associated with poorer cognition in schizophrenia. The cognitive effects of adjunctive psychiatric medications and lifetime trends of antipsychotic use remain largely unclear. We aimed to study how lifetime and current benzodiazepine and antidepressant medications, lifetime trends of antipsychotic use and antipsychotic polypharmacy are associated with cognitive performance in midlife schizophrenia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0924933800087575_abst0010\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sixty participants with DSM-IV schizophrenia from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 were examined at 43 years of age with an extensive cognitive test battery. Cumulative lifetime and current use of psychiatric medications were collected from medical records and interviews. The associations between medication and principal component analysis-based cognitive composite score were analysed using linear regression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0924933800087575_abst0015\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Lifetime cumulative DDD years of benzodiazepine and antidepressant medications were not significantly associated with global cognition. Being without antipsychotic medication (for minimum 11 months) before the cognitive examination was associated with better cognitive performance (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= 0.007) and higher lifetime cumulative DDD years of antipsychotics with poorer cognition (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= 0.020), when adjusted for gender, onset age and lifetime hospital treatment days. Other lifetime trends of antipsychotic use, such as a long antipsychotic-free period earlier in the treatment history, and antipsychotic polypharmacy, were not significantly associated with cognition.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0924933800087575_abst0020\" sec-type=\"conclusions\"><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Based on these naturalistic data, low exposure to adjunctive benzodiazepine and antidepressant medications does not seem to affect cognition nor explain the possible negative effects of high dose long-term antipsychotic medication on cognition in schizophrenia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2017.06.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,27]],"date-time":"2017-06-27T15:45:24Z","timestamp":1498578324000},"page":"50-58","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Lifetime use of psychiatric medications and cognition at 43 years of age in schizophrenia in the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"A.P.","family":"Hulkko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.K.","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Moilanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Haapea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"Rannikko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.B.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.H.","family":"Barnett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Huhtaniska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.K.","family":"Isohanni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Koponen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"J\u00e4\u00e4skel\u00e4inen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Miettunen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0924933800087575_bib0660","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.09.029"},{"key":"S0924933800087575_bib0650","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.19"},{"key":"S0924933800087575_bib0630","first-page":"428","article-title":"Antipychotic drug effects in schizophrenia: a review of longitudinal fMRI investigations and neural interpretations","volume":"20","author":"Abbott","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Med Chem"},{"key":"S0924933800087575_bib0605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2010.07.029"},{"key":"S0924933800087575_bib0585","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470316696"},{"key":"S0924933800087575_bib0580","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.03.021"},{"key":"S0924933800087575_bib0570","volume-title":"Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale","author":"Wechsler","year":"2005"},{"key":"S0924933800087575_bib0555","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.11.4.602"},{"key":"S0924933800087575_bib0520","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/524875"},{"key":"S0924933800087575_bib0510","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyv049"},{"key":"S0924933800087575_bib0375","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2005.07.035"},{"key":"S0924933800087575_bib0370","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006391"},{"key":"S0924933800087575_bib0440","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881108100777"},{"key":"S0924933800087575_bib0395","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbs135"},{"key":"S0924933800087575_bib0460","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbt090"},{"key":"S0924933800087575_bib0465","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.15m10271"},{"key":"S0924933800087575_bib0515","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470976739.ch10"},{"key":"S0924933800087575_bib0475","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2015.15050618"},{"key":"S0924933800087575_bib0380","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2009.09040574"},{"key":"S0924933800087575_bib0560","first-page":"2004","volume-title":"Neuropsychological assessment","author":"Lezak","year":"2004"},{"key":"S0924933800087575_bib0495","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291703007645"},{"key":"S0924933800087575_bib0490","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-016-0711-8"},{"key":"S0924933800087575_bib0450","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0b013e31824cb359"},{"key":"S0924933800087575_bib0565","volume-title":"WMS-III - Wechsler Memory Scale","author":"Wechsler","year":"2008"},{"key":"S0924933800087575_bib0355","unstructured":"[1] National Institute for Health and Care Excellence Psychosis and schizophrenia in adults: treatment and management. NICE Clinical Guideline, 178. 2014."},{"key":"S0924933800087575_bib0590","volume-title":"IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 24. 0","author":"IBM Corp","year":"2016"},{"key":"S0924933800087575_bib0360","volume-title":"Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with schizophrenia","author":"Lehman","year":"2010"},{"key":"S0924933800087575_bib0480","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-200418010-00004"},{"key":"S0924933800087575_bib0430","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.10.085"},{"key":"S0924933800087575_bib0540","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2015.11.013"},{"key":"S0924933800087575_bib0435","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.06.035"},{"key":"S0924933800087575_bib0400","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbq057"},{"key":"S0924933800087575_bib0410","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-013-1600-y"},{"key":"S0924933800087575_bib0405","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/070674371405900104"},{"key":"S0924933800087575_bib0645","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291714000610"},{"key":"S0924933800087575_bib0620","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2013.06.001"},{"key":"S0924933800087575_bib0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.304","article-title":"Agreement between self-reported and pharmacy data on medication use in the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort","volume":"19","author":"Haapea","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Methods Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"S0924933800087575_bib0505","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.08.015"},{"key":"S0924933800087575_bib0445","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.05.004"},{"key":"S0924933800087575_bib0455","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.03.013"},{"key":"S0924933800087575_bib0545","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(99)00187-0"},{"key":"S0924933800087575_bib0525","first-page":"1","article-title":"Groups at risk in low birth weight infants and perinatal mortality","volume":"193","author":"Rantakallio","year":"1969","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Scand"},{"key":"S0924933800087575_bib0655","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2011.06.009"},{"key":"S0924933800087575_bib0610","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.1532"},{"key":"S0924933800087575_bib0485","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2011.11.008"},{"key":"S0924933800087575_bib0665","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2012.10.022"},{"key":"S0924933800087575_bib0365","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbn018"},{"key":"S0924933800087575_bib0690","volume-title":"Antipsychotics and mood stabilizers: Stahl's essential psychopharmacology","author":"Stahl","year":"2008"},{"key":"S0924933800087575_bib0615","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2013.12050674"},{"key":"S0924933800087575_bib0670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.106.106047"},{"key":"S0924933800087575_bib0675","volume-title":"Molecular neuropharmacology: a foundation for clinical neuroscience","author":"Nestler","year":"2009"},{"key":"S0924933800087575_bib0680","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2011.12.008"},{"key":"S0924933800087575_bib0685","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbr189"},{"key":"S0924933800087575_bib0470","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2013.03.001"},{"key":"S0924933800087575_bib0695","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/416864416864"},{"key":"S0924933800087575_bib0700","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2015.04.048"},{"key":"S0924933800087575_bib0635","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2010.09070937"},{"key":"S0924933800087575_bib0575","unstructured":"[45] WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology Guidelines for ATC classification and DDD assignment 2016. Oslo; 2016."},{"key":"S0924933800087575_bib0535","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2016.03.002"},{"key":"S0924933800087575_bib0595","first-page":"639","article-title":"A systematic review of amnestic and non-amnestic mild cognitive impairment induced by anticholinergic, antihistamine, GABAergic and opioid drugs","volume":"29","author":"Tannenbaum","year":"2012","journal-title":"Drugs Aging"},{"key":"S0924933800087575_bib0600","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-6177(03)00096-9"},{"key":"S0924933800087575_bib0640","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jcp.0000096247.29231.3a"},{"key":"S0924933800087575_bib0425","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2009.211"},{"key":"S0924933800087575_bib0550","volume-title":"California Verbal Learning Test","author":"Delis","year":"1987"},{"key":"S0924933800087575_bib0415","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S146114570500516X"},{"key":"S0924933800087575_bib0625","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0101689"},{"key":"S0924933800087575_bib0390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00048674.2010.541418"},{"key":"S0924933800087575_bib0420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.01.027"},{"key":"S0924933800087575_bib0385","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.106.029009"},{"key":"S0924933800087575_bib0500","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.109.067710"}],"container-title":["European Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0924933817329061?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0924933817329061?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0924933800087575","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,10]],"date-time":"2020-10-10T23:59:44Z","timestamp":1602374384000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0924933800087575\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"references-count":70,"alternative-id":["S0924933800087575"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2017.06.004","relation":{},"ISSN":["0924-9338","1778-3585"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0924-9338","type":"print"},{"value":"1778-3585","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Lifetime use of psychiatric medications and cognition at 43years of age in schizophrenia in the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"European Psychiatry","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2017.06.004","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2017 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}