{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T07:25:52Z","timestamp":1791357952850,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":214,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]],"date-time":"2019-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559347200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Health"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["europsy-journal.com","clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.fr","em-consulte.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur. psychiatr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S0924933800002686_abst0005\" sec-type=\"other\"><jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Stimulant drugs can cause persistent changes in the brain. Imaging studies show that these changes are most apparent in dopamine transporter (DAT) or receptor availability within the striatum.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0924933800002686_abst0010\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>This work focuses on influences of stimulant use on dopaminergic function assessed using nuclear-medicine imaging (PET\/SPECT). Included are 39 studies on 655 cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine or nicotine users, as well as 690 healthy controls. Metaanalyses were conducted separately for D2\/D3 receptors and dopamine transporters of the entire striatum, its subregions caudate and putamen respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0924933800002686_abst0015\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Meta-analyses results regarding nicotine did not show significant effects between smokers and nonsmokers. In cocaine users there was a significant decrease in dopamine receptor availability in all regions. The striatal DAT availability was significantly increased in cocaine users. Methamphetamine users showed a significantly decreased dopamine receptor and transporter density in all regions. Significant results also indicate a lower transporter availability in all regions. Amphetamine users showed reduced DAT availability in the striatum, as well as in the sub regions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0924933800002686_abst0020\" sec-type=\"conclusions\"><jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title><jats:p>This meta-analysis provides evidence that there are ongoing changes in the dopaminergic system associated with the use of stimulants. Especially the results of cocaine, methamphetamine and amphetamine use mainly showed a downregulation. In addition, this meta-analysis is the first to include nicotine. This subset of studies showed evidence for a decreased receptor and DAT availability but no significant results were found in the metaanalyses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2019.03.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,11]],"date-time":"2019-04-11T13:13:33Z","timestamp":1554988413000},"page":"15-24","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Effects of stimulant drug use on the dopaminergic system: A systematic review and meta-analysis of in vivo neuroimaging studies"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Lisa","family":"Proebstl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felicia","family":"Kamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirsi","family":"Manz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Krause","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Adorjan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Pogarell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabi","family":"Koller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Soyka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Falkai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Kambeitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0924933800002686_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2004.03.011"},{"key":"S0924933800002686_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145711001957"},{"key":"S0924933800002686_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.8.1206"},{"key":"S0924933800002686_bib0130","first-page":"832","article-title":"Elevated striatal dopamine transporters during acute cocaine abstinence as measured by 123I beta-CIT SPECT","volume":"155","author":"Malison","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0924933800002686_bib0175","article-title":"Long-term stimulant treatment affects brain dopamine transporter level in patients with attention deficit hyperactive disorder","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"S0924933800002686_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.03.013"},{"key":"S0924933800002686_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2006.05.002"},{"key":"S0924933800002686_bib0300","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(00)00097-X"},{"key":"S0924933800002686_bib0325","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2011.86"},{"key":"S0924933800002686_bib0285","first-page":"445","article-title":"Brain mechanisms of drug reward and euphoria","volume":"3","author":"Wise","year":"1985","journal-title":"Psychiatr Med"},{"key":"S0924933800002686_bib0260","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.12.058"},{"key":"S0924933800002686_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0143510"},{"key":"S0924933800002686_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.275.5306.1593"},{"key":"S0924933800002686_bib0315","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(00)00217-9"},{"key":"S0924933800002686_bib0275","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629"},{"key":"S0924933800002686_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2008.04.014"},{"key":"S0924933800002686_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.20970"},{"key":"S0924933800002686_bib0270","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v036.i03"},{"key":"S0924933800002686_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-20-08417.1998"},{"key":"S0924933800002686_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-006-0330-6"},{"key":"S0924933800002686_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1316.036"},{"key":"S0924933800002686_bib0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-123471","article-title":"Cognitive Deficits in Methamphetamine Users: How Strong is The Evidence?","volume":"51","author":"Proebstl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"key":"S0924933800002686_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2005.04.012"},{"key":"S0924933800002686_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyu119"},{"key":"S0924933800002686_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2008.235"},{"key":"S0924933800002686_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.0135"},{"key":"S0924933800002686_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0015269"},{"key":"S0924933800002686_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300420"},{"key":"S0924933800002686_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2013.01.005"},{"key":"S0924933800002686_bib0295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2007.03.006"},{"key":"S0924933800002686_bib0005","volume-title":"World drug report 2017","year":"2017"},{"key":"S0924933800002686_bib0320","first-page":"10","article-title":"Crystal-Meth als herausforderung f\u00fcr das suchthilfesystem \u2013 klinische Empfehlungen","volume":"17","author":"H\u00e4rtel-Petri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Suchttherapie"},{"key":"S0924933800002686_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyv129"},{"key":"S0924933800002686_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2004.12.002"},{"key":"S0924933800002686_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2015.07.044"},{"key":"S0924933800002686_bib0020","first-page":"301","article-title":"The need for speed: an update on methamphetamine addiction","volume":"31","author":"Barr","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Psychiatry Neurosci"},{"key":"S0924933800002686_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2007.08.018"},{"key":"S0924933800002686_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2005.04.003"},{"key":"S0924933800002686_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.157.4.632"},{"key":"S0924933800002686_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2005.09.008"},{"key":"S0924933800002686_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.3.377"},{"key":"S0924933800002686_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.06.039"},{"key":"S0924933800002686_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2014.301"},{"key":"S0924933800002686_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-07-02541.2002"},{"key":"S0924933800002686_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jcbfm.9600493"},{"key":"S0924933800002686_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-4927(93)90002-Y"},{"key":"S0924933800002686_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1243"},{"key":"S0924933800002686_bib0265","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0305004100016595"},{"key":"S0924933800002686_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.1098"},{"key":"S0924933800002686_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.157.7.1134"},{"key":"S0924933800002686_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-015-9419-z"},{"key":"S0924933800002686_bib0290","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-001-0930-0"},{"key":"S0924933800002686_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(97)00614-0"},{"key":"S0924933800002686_bib0305","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2008.60"},{"key":"S0924933800002686_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.12.1.79"},{"key":"S0924933800002686_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2016.01.056"},{"key":"S0924933800002686_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2010.10050748"},{"key":"S0924933800002686_bib0010","volume-title":"The state of the drugs problem in Europe","year":"2017"},{"key":"S0924933800002686_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2013.11.005"},{"key":"S0924933800002686_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.12.2015"},{"key":"S0924933800002686_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.1084"},{"key":"S0924933800002686_bib0280","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3939"},{"key":"S0924933800002686_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3765-09.2009"},{"key":"S0924933800002686_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.07.035"},{"key":"S0924933800002686_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12271"}],"container-title":["European Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0924933819300574?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0924933819300574?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0924933800002686","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,10]],"date-time":"2020-01-10T05:57:05Z","timestamp":1578635825000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0924933800002686\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"references-count":65,"alternative-id":["S0924933800002686"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2019.03.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["0924-9338","1778-3585"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0924-9338","type":"print"},{"value":"1778-3585","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Effects of stimulant drug use on the dopaminergic system: A systematic review and meta-analysis of in vivo neuroimaging studies","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"European Psychiatry","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2019.03.003","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}