{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T06:01:58Z","timestamp":1778565718613,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":92,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]],"date-time":"2019-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569888000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["europsy-journal.com","clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.fr","em-consulte.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur. psychiatr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Methods of suicide have received considerable attention in suicide\n                        research. The common approach to differentiate methods of suicide is the\n                        classification into \u201cviolent\u201d versus \u201cnon-violent\u201d method. Interestingly,\n                        since the proposition of this dichotomous differentiation, no further\n                        efforts have been made to question the validity of such a classification of\n                        suicides. This study aimed to challenge the traditional separation into\n                        \u201cviolent\u201d and \u201cnon-violent\u201d suicides by generating a cluster analysis with a\n                        data-driven, machine learning approach. In a retrospective analysis, data on\n                        all officially confirmed suicides (N = 77,894) in Austria between 1970 and\n                        2016 were assessed. Based on a defined distance metric between distributions\n                        of suicides over age group and month of the year, a standard hierarchical\n                        clustering method was performed with the five most frequent suicide methods.\n                        In cluster analysis, poisoning emerged as distinct from all other methods \u2013\n                        both in the entire sample as well as in the male subsample. Violent suicides\n                        could be further divided into sub-clusters: hanging, shooting, and drowning\n                        on the one hand and jumping on the other hand. In the female sample, two\n                        different clusters were revealed \u2013 hanging and drowning on the one hand and\n                        jumping, poisoning, and shooting on the other. Our data-driven results in\n                        this large epidemiological study confirmed the traditional dichotomization\n                        of suicide methods into \u201cviolent\u201d and \u201cnon-violent\u201d methods, but on closer\n                        inspection \u201cviolent methods\u201d can be further divided into sub-clusters and a\n                        different cluster pattern could be identified for women, requiring further\n                        research to support these refined suicide phenotypes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2019.08.009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,7]],"date-time":"2019-09-07T20:48:08Z","timestamp":1567889288000},"page":"15-19","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Clustering suicides: A data-driven, exploratory machine learning\n                        approach"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Birgit","family":"Ludwig","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"K\u00f6nig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nestor D.","family":"Kapusta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Bl\u00fcml","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Georg","family":"Dorffner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Vyssoki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0924933800006374_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v65n0515"},{"key":"S0924933800006374_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-004-0263-1"},{"key":"S0924933800006374_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.3514"},{"key":"S0924933800006374_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-44462005000400006"},{"key":"S0924933800006374_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.2007.016246"},{"key":"S0924933800006374_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1976.01770100055005"},{"key":"S0924933800006374_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-015-0729-3"},{"key":"S0924933800006374_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006205-198806000-00004"},{"key":"S0924933800006374_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.nmd.0000095127.16296.c1"},{"key":"S0924933800006374_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.123.3.285"},{"key":"S0924933800006374_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00234-2"},{"key":"S0924933800006374_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1220"},{"key":"S0924933800006374_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(16)30030-X"},{"key":"S0924933800006374_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-011-0393-5"},{"key":"S0924933800006374_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.294.16.2064"},{"key":"S0924933800006374_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.04.001"},{"key":"S0924933800006374_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.11.035"},{"key":"S0924933800006374_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13811110701402611"},{"key":"S0924933800006374_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2007.065391"},{"key":"S0924933800006374_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.7.1375"},{"key":"S0924933800006374_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-015-0570-2"},{"key":"S0924933800006374_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.15m09882"},{"key":"S0924933800006374_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c3222"}],"container-title":["European 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