{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T19:13:27Z","timestamp":1773861207372,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,1]],"date-time":"2004-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1078099200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["European Urology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,11,11]],"date-time":"2003-11-11T14:07:21Z","timestamp":1068559641000},"page":"271-279","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["A Multicountry Ecologic Study of Risk and Risk Reduction Factors for Prostate Cancer Mortality"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"William B.","family":"Grant","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/66.6.1192","article-title":"The causes of cancer: quantitative estimates of avoidable risks of cancer in the United States today","volume":"66","author":"Doll","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200007133430201","article-title":"Environmental and heritable factors in the causation of cancer\u2014analyses of cohorts of twins from Sweden, Denmark, and Finland","volume":"343","author":"Lichtenstein","year":"2000","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011131105617","article-title":"Smoking and prostate cancer: findings from an Australian case-control study","volume":"12","author":"Giles","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB4","unstructured":"Ferlay J, Bray F, Pisani P, Parkin DM. GLOBOCAN 2000: cancer incidence, mortality and prevalence worldwide, Version 1.0. IARC CancerBase No. 5. Lyon: IARCPress; 2001. Limited version available from: URL: http:\/\/www-dep.iarc.fr\/globocan\/globocan.htm, Last updated on 03\/02\/2001 (accessed April 1, 2003)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1974.75","article-title":"Factor analysis of international cancer mortality data and per capita food consumption","volume":"29","author":"Howell","year":"1974","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910150411","article-title":"Environmental factors and cancer incidence and mortality in different countries, with special reference to dietary practices","volume":"15","author":"Armstrong","year":"1975","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00115640","article-title":"Nutrition and prostate cancer","volume":"7","author":"Kolonel","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giles G, Ireland P. Diet, nutrition and prostate cancer. Int J Cancer 1997;Suppl 10:13\u201317.","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0215(1997)10+<13::AID-IJC5>3.0.CO;2-C"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB9","unstructured":"Potter JD, editor. Food, nutrition and the prevention of cancer: a global perspective. Washington (DC): World Cancer Research Fund in association with American Institute for Cancer Research; 1997. p. 310\u201323."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011256201044","article-title":"A prospective study on intake of animal products and risk of prostate cancer","volume":"12","author":"Michaud","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(01)01262-6","article-title":"Nutrition and prostate cancer: evidence or suspicion?","volume":"58","author":"Schulman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/90.21.1637","article-title":"Nutritional and socioeconomic factors in relation to prostate cancer mortality: a cross-national study","volume":"90","author":"Hebert","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB13","first-page":"795","article-title":"Vegetables, fruits, legumes and prostate cancer: a multiethnic case-control study","volume":"9","author":"Kolonel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB14","first-page":"561","article-title":"Cancer of the prostate: influence of nutritional factors. A new nutritional approach","volume":"30","author":"de la Taille","year":"2001","journal-title":"Presse Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1080\/1359084021000006803","article-title":"A multi-country ecological study of dietary risk and risk reduction factors for prostate cancer","volume":"12","author":"Grant","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Environ Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2861","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19921215)70:12<2861::AID-CNCR2820701224>3.0.CO;2-G","article-title":"Geographic patterns of prostate cancer mortality. Evidence for a protective effect of ultraviolet radiation","volume":"70","author":"Hanchette","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.2002.tb02596.x","article-title":"Vitamin D and prostate cancer","volume":"23","author":"Polek","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Androl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1054\/bjoc.2001.2097","article-title":"Prostate cancer risk: associations with ultraviolet radiation, tyrosinase and melanocortin-1 receptor genotypes","volume":"85","author":"Luscombe","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)05788-9","article-title":"Exposure to ultraviolet radiation: association with susceptibility and age at presentation with prostate cancer","volume":"358","author":"Luscombe","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.10427","article-title":"An estimate of premature cancer mortality in the United States due to inadequate doses of solar ultraviolet-B radiation","volume":"94","author":"Grant","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3835(02)00710-3","article-title":"Prostate cancer risk and exposure to ultraviolet radiation: further support for the protective effect of sunlight","volume":"192","author":"Bodiwala","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/66.2.398","article-title":"Effects of garlic thioallyl derivatives on growth, glutathione concentration, and polyamine formation of human prostate carcinoma cells in culture","volume":"66","author":"Pinto","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/94.21.1648","article-title":"Allium vegetables and risk of prostate cancer: a population-based study","volume":"94","author":"Hsing","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-218-44277","article-title":"Tomatoes, lycopene, and prostate cancer","volume":"218","author":"Giovannucci","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/94.5.391","article-title":"A prospective study of tomato products, lycopene, and prostate cancer risk","volume":"94","author":"Giovannucci","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB26","first-page":"749","article-title":"Inverse associations between plasma lycopene and other carotenoids and prostate cancer","volume":"10","author":"Lu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S0094-0143(02)00020-4","article-title":"Tomato products, lycopene, and prostate cancer risk","volume":"29","author":"Miller","year":"2002","journal-title":"Urol. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1177\/153537020222701006","article-title":"Tomatoes, lycopene, and prostate cancer: progress and promise","volume":"227","author":"Hadley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med. (Maywood)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S0094-0143(02)00023-X","article-title":"Vitamin E and prostate cancer","volume":"29","author":"Fleshner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Urol. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwf210","article-title":"Prospective study of antioxidant micronutrients in the blood and the risk of developing prostate cancer","volume":"157","author":"Huang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410x.1998.00630.x","article-title":"Decreased incidence of prostate cancer with selenium supplementation: results of a double-blind cancer prevention trial","volume":"81","author":"Clark","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br. J. Urol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.10866","article-title":"Serum selenium and risk of prostate cancer in U.S. blacks and whites","volume":"103","author":"Vogt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB33","first-page":"442","article-title":"Calcium and fructose intake in relation to risk of prostate cancer","volume":"58","author":"Giovannucci","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.epirev.a000800","article-title":"Dairy products, calcium, and vitamin D and risk of prostate cancer","volume":"23","author":"Chan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(02)00260-3","article-title":"Diet and prostate cancer","volume":"181\u2013182","author":"Shirai","year":"2002","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12713-4","article-title":"Prostate cancer epidemiology","volume":"361","author":"Gronberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-8981(03)00048-2","article-title":"The role of nutrition in preventing prostate cancer: a review of the proposed mechanism of action of various dietary substances","volume":"330","author":"Willis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.11212","article-title":"Trends in prostate cancer mortality among black men and white men in the United States","volume":"97","author":"Chu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(02)01960-X","article-title":"Improved prostate cancer-specific survival and other disease parameters: impact of prostate-specific antigen testing","volume":"60","author":"Paquette","year":"2002","journal-title":"Urology."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB40","first-page":"31","article-title":"Trends in prostate cancer incidence and mortality: an analysis of mortality change by screening intensity","volume":"168","author":"Coldman","year":"2003","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB41","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Food Balance Sheets. FAO: Rome; 1991, 1996."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S1011-1344(01)00279-2","article-title":"The European Light Dosimeter Network: four years of measurements","volume":"66","author":"Lebert","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB43","unstructured":"Corrao MA, Guindon GE, Sharma N, Shokoohi DF, editors. Tobacco control country profiles. Atlanta (GA): American Cancer Society; 2000. http:\/\/www5.who.int\/tobacco\/page.cfm?sid=57#source (accessed May 26, 2003)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0027-5107(01)00165-8","article-title":"Multiple points of intervention in the prevention of cancer and other mutation-related diseases","volume":"480\u2013481","author":"De Flora","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mutation Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB45","first-page":"162","article-title":"An ecologic study of dietary links to prostate cancer","volume":"4","author":"Grant","year":"1999","journal-title":"Altern. Med. Rev."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB46","first-page":"597","article-title":"Calcium, dairy products, and risk of prostate cancer in a prospective cohort of United States men","volume":"12","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S0094-0143(02)00020-4","article-title":"Tomato products, lycopene, and prostate cancer risk","volume":"29","author":"Miller","year":"2002","journal-title":"Urol. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/87.23.1767","article-title":"Intake of carotenoids and retinol in relation to risk of prostate cancer","volume":"87","author":"Giovannucci","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1997.445","article-title":"A case-control study of diet and prostate cancer","volume":"76","author":"Key","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1093\/jjco\/28.6.360","article-title":"Effects of soybean isoflavones on cell growth and apoptosis of the human prostatic cancer cell line LNCaP","volume":"28","author":"Onozawa","year":"1998","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/S0094-0143(02)00019-8","article-title":"The role of soy phytoestrogens in prostate cancer","volume":"29","author":"Castle","year":"2002","journal-title":"Urol. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3191","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/131.10.3191","article-title":"Genistein and vitamin D synergistically inhibit human prostatic epithelial cell growth","volume":"132","author":"Rao","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327914NC421_1","article-title":"Brassica vegetables and prostate cancer risk: a review of the epidemiological evidence","volume":"42","author":"Kristal","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nutr Cancer."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.2174\/1568009033333736","article-title":"Garlic [allium sativum]: a review of its potential use as an anti-cancer agent","volume":"3","author":"Thomson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Cancer Drug Targets."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1910","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/92.23.1910","article-title":"Plasma insulin-like growth factor-I, insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins, and prostate cancer risk: a prospective study","volume":"92","author":"Stattin","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2319","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2003-221028","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and IGF binding protein-1 modulate prostate cancer cell growth and apoptosis: possible mediators for the effects of diet and exercise on cancer cell survival","volume":"144","author":"Ngo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocrinology."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(02)00731-3","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factors and cancer","volume":"3","author":"Furstenberger","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0215(19980703)77:1<24::AID-IJC5>3.0.CO;2-1","article-title":"Whole grain food intake and cancer risk","volume":"77","author":"Chatenoud","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1080\/01635589809514647","article-title":"Whole-grain intake and cancer: an expanded review and meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Jacobs","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1080\/01635589709514495","article-title":"Whole-grain consumption and chronic disease: protective mechanisms","volume":"27","author":"Slavin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300S","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2000.10718964","article-title":"Mechanisms for the impact of whole grain foods on cancer risk","volume":"19","author":"Slavin","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6182","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0205099","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of grains","volume":"50","author":"Adom","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327914NC3402_8","article-title":"Plant foods, antioxidants, and prostate cancer risk: findings from case-control studies in Canada","volume":"34","author":"Jain","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3291","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1999.17.10.3291","article-title":"Dietary fat and carbohydrates are independently associated with circulating insulin-like growth factor 1 and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 concentrations in healthy adults","volume":"17","author":"Kaklamani","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB65","first-page":"1441","article-title":"The associations of diet with serum insulin-like growth factor I and its main binding proteins in 292 women meat-eaters, vegetarians, and vegans","volume":"11","author":"Allen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021911517010","article-title":"Effect of diet and exercise on serum insulin, IGF-I, and IGFBP-1 levels and growth of LNCaP cells in vitro (United States)","volume":"13","author":"Ngo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1079\/PHN2002414","article-title":"The influence of dietary intake on the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system across three ethnic groups: a population-based study","volume":"6","author":"Heald","year":"2003","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/93.17.1330","article-title":"Milk intake, circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor-I, and risk of colorectal cancer in men","volume":"93","author":"Ma","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB69","first-page":"852","article-title":"Dietary correlates of plasma insulin-like growth factor I and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 concentrations","volume":"11","author":"Holmes","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.59.4.257","article-title":"Sunlight and mortality from breast, ovarian, colon, prostate, and non-melanoma skin cancer: a composite death certificate based case-control study","volume":"59","author":"Freedman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Occup. Environ Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB71","first-page":"391","article-title":"Human prostate cells synthesize 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 from 25-hydroxyvitamin D3","volume":"7","author":"Schwartz","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1210\/en.141.1.5","article-title":"Vitamin D and prostate cancer","volume":"141","author":"Feldman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-0760(00)00141-2","article-title":"Vitamin D and prostate cancer","volume":"76","author":"Tuohimaa","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-128X(00)00164-1","article-title":"The role of vitamin D in prostate cancer","volume":"66","author":"Zhao","year":"2001","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.2174\/1389450023348064","article-title":"Vitamin D and vitamin D analogs in cancer treatment","volume":"3","author":"van den Bemd","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Targets"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S0094-0143(02)00021-6","article-title":"Vitamin D and prostate cancer","volume":"29","author":"Konety","year":"2002","journal-title":"Urol. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1054\/mehy.1999.0880","article-title":"Parathyroid hormone may be a cancer promoter\u2014an explanation for the decrease in cancer risk associated with ultraviolet light, calcium, and vitamin D","volume":"54","author":"McCarty","year":"2000","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1159\/000019914","article-title":"Vitamin D and prostate cancer risk","volume":"35","author":"Peehl","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327914nc391_2","article-title":"Dietary supplement use in the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial: implications for prevention trials","volume":"39","author":"Neuhouser","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/51.6.1075","article-title":"An evaluation of the relative contributions of exposure to sunlight and of diet to the circulating concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in an elderly nursing home population in Boston","volume":"51","author":"Webb","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-9007(02)00751-7","article-title":"Fish as a major source of vitamin D in the Japanese diet","volume":"18","author":"Nakamura","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)91266-5","article-title":"Serum vitamin D concentrations among elderly people in Europe","volume":"346","author":"Van der Wielen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008823601897","article-title":"Dairy products, calcium, phosphorous, vitamin D, and risk of prostate cancer (Sweden)","volume":"9","author":"Chan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB84","first-page":"719","article-title":"Associations of energy, fat, calcium, and vitamin D with prostate cancer risk","volume":"11","author":"Kristal","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(02)01382-7","article-title":"Bone mass and the risk of prostate cancer: the Framingham Study","volume":"113","author":"Zhang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008835903714","article-title":"Dietary influences of 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D in relation to prostate cancer: a hypothesis","volume":"9","author":"Giovannucci","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08728.x","article-title":"Calcium and vitamin D. Their potential roles in colon and breast cancer prevention","volume":"889","author":"Garland","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann. N Y Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/94.6.437","article-title":"Calcium intake and risk of colon cancer in women and men","volume":"94","author":"Wu","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1682","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6600946","article-title":"Are diet-prostate cancer associations mediated by the IGF axis? A cross-sectional analysis of diet, IGF-I and IGFBP-3 in healthy middle-aged men","volume":"88","author":"Gunnell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0045(19990601)39:4<246::AID-PROS5>3.0.CO;2-U","article-title":"Osteomimetic properties of prostate cancer cells: a hypothesis supporting the predilection of prostate cancer metastasis and growth in the bone environment","volume":"39","author":"Koeneman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1007\/s003450050181","article-title":"Osteocalcin-directed gene therapy for prostate-cancer bone metastasis","volume":"18","author":"Koeneman","year":"2000","journal-title":"World J. Urol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.10056","article-title":"Osteoblasts produce soluble factors that induce a gene expression pattern in non-metastatic prostate cancer cells, similar to that found in bone metastatic prostate cancer cells","volume":"51","author":"Fu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0305-7372(03)00071-9","article-title":"Pathophysiology of bone metastases from prostate cancer and the role of bisphosphonates in treatment","volume":"29","author":"Eaton","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer Treat Rev."},{"issue":"Suppl. 3","key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.11140","article-title":"Prostate carcinoma bone-stroma interaction and its biologic and therapeutic implications","volume":"97","author":"Chung","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"Suppl. 3","key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.11181","article-title":"Stromal factors involved in prostate carcinoma metastasis to bone","volume":"97","author":"Cooper","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1267","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.2001.281.6.E1267","article-title":"Ca(2+)-sensing receptor expression and PTHrP secretion in PC-3 human prostate cancer cells","volume":"281","author":"Sanders","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB97","first-page":"6015","article-title":"Parathyroid hormone-related protein as a growth regulator of prostate carcinoma","volume":"59","author":"Dougherty","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-0115(02)00007-1","article-title":"Parathyroid hormone-related protein enhances PC-3 prostate cancer cell growth via both autocrine\/paracrine and intracrine pathways","volume":"105","author":"Tovar Sepulveda","year":"2002","journal-title":"Regul. Pept."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB99","first-page":"2282","article-title":"Parathyroid hormone-related protein induces interleukin 8 production by prostate cancer cells via a novel intracrine mechanism not mediated by its classical nuclear localization sequence","volume":"61","author":"Gujral","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-7207(02)00003-5","article-title":"Regulation of PTH-related protein gene expression by vitamin D in PC-3 prostate cancer cells","volume":"190","author":"Tovar Sepulveda","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Endocrinol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0045(20000101)42:1<56::AID-PROS7>3.0.CO;2-P","article-title":"Meta-analysis for combining relative risks of alcohol consumption and prostate cancer","volume":"42","author":"Dennis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a008802","article-title":"Alcohol use and prostate cancer risk in US blacks and whites","volume":"143","author":"Hayes","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/30.4.749","article-title":"Alcohol consumption and risk of prostate cancer: The Harvard Alumni Health Study","volume":"30","author":"Sesso","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011289108040","article-title":"Case-control study of alcohol consumption and prostate cancer risk in Montreal, Canada","volume":"12","author":"Sharpe","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(197107)28:1<3::AID-CNCR2820280104>3.0.CO;2-N","article-title":"Epidemiology of cancer of the colon and rectum","volume":"28","author":"Burkitt","year":"1971","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB106","first-page":"112","article-title":"Dietary fiber and colorectal cancer","volume":"192","author":"Grant","year":"1999","journal-title":"The Townsend. Letter"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199901213400301","article-title":"Dietary fiber and the risk of colorectal cancer and adenoma in women","volume":"340","author":"Fuchs","year":"1999","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)13174-1","article-title":"European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Dietary fibre in food and protection against colorectal cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC): an observational study","volume":"361","author":"Bingham","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)13173-X","article-title":"Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial Project Team. Dietary fibre and colorectal adenoma in a colorectal cancer early detection programme","volume":"361","author":"Peters","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwg092","article-title":"Using intake biomarkers to evaluate the extent of dietary misreporting in a large sample of adults: the OPEN study","volume":"158","author":"Subar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.10955","article-title":"Prostate cancer and exposure to pesticides in agricultural settings","volume":"104","author":"Settimi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6600747","article-title":"Polymorphism of the insulin gene is associated with increased prostate cancer risk","volume":"88","author":"Ho","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"issue":"Suppl. 2","key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1159\/000056549","article-title":"Hereditary prostate cancer and other genetic predispositions to prostate cancer","volume":"60","author":"Cussenot","year":"1998","journal-title":"Urol. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/s100380200060","article-title":"The role of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms in the susceptibility to prostate cancer of a southern European population","volume":"47","author":"Medeiros","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Hum Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0094-0143(02)00181-7","article-title":"The epidemiology of prostate cancer","volume":"30","author":"Boyle","year":"2003","journal-title":"Urol. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM.2003.094","article-title":"The common polymorphism of apolipoprotein E: geographical aspects and new pathophysiological relations","volume":"41","author":"Gerdes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB117","first-page":"42","article-title":"Dietary links to Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"2","author":"Grant","year":"1997","journal-title":"Alz. Dis. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.59.8.1258","article-title":"Caloric intake and the risk of Alzheimer disease","volume":"59","author":"Luchsinger","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018_BIB119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(00)00974-2","article-title":"Dietary trial in prostate cancer: Early experience and implications for clinical trial design","volume":"57","author":"Ornish","year":"2001","journal-title":"Urology"}],"container-title":["European Urology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0302283803005359?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0302283803005359?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,17]],"date-time":"2019-02-17T05:54:24Z","timestamp":1550382864000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0302283803005359"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,3]]},"references-count":119,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0302283803005359"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.08.018","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-2838"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0302-2838","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,3]]}}}