{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,12]],"date-time":"2026-11-12T09:55:17Z","timestamp":1794477317520,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,1]],"date-time":"2015-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1425168000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.elsevierhealth.com","europeanurology.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["European Urology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,1]],"date-time":"2014-12-01T23:02:10Z","timestamp":1417474930000},"page":"546-558","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":356,"title":["Urinary Tract Infections in Children: EAU\/ESPU Guidelines"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Raimund","family":"Stein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hasan S.","family":"Dogan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piet","family":"Hoebeke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Radim","family":"Ko\u010dvara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rien J.M.","family":"Nijman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Radmayr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serdar","family":"Tekg\u00fcl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-007-0556-5","article-title":"Urinary tract infection in the newborn: clinical and radio imaging studies","volume":"22","author":"Sastre","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1997.tb08601.x","article-title":"Transient pyelonephritic changes on 99mTechnetium-dimercaptosuccinic acid scan for at least five months after infection","volume":"86","author":"Jakobsson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)06126-0","article-title":"Are younger children at highest risk of renal sequelae after pyelonephritis?","volume":"349","author":"Benador","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-2894","article-title":"Early treatment of acute pyelonephritis in children fails to reduce renal scarring: data from the Italian Renal Infection Study Trials","volume":"122","author":"Hewitt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0025","series-title":"Medical radiology: diagnostic imaging","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-56484-0","article-title":"Paediatric uroradiology","author":"Fotter","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(87)92558-X","article-title":"Effect of symptomless bacteriuria in childhood on subsequent pregnancy","volume":"2","author":"Sacks","year":"1987","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.299.6701.703","article-title":"Development of hypertension and uraemia after pyelonephritis in childhood: 27 year follow up","volume":"299","author":"Jacobson","year":"1989","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1007\/s004670050535","article-title":"Childhood reflux and urinary infection: a follow-up of 10\u201341 years in 226 adults","volume":"12","author":"Smellie","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0045","first-page":"377","article-title":"Urinary tract infection","volume":"7","author":"Larcombe","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Evid"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2011.02542.x","article-title":"Urinary tract infections in children and the risk of ESRF","volume":"101","author":"Round","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-7125(16)30454-0","article-title":"Epidemiology and natural history of urinary tract infections in children","volume":"75","author":"Stull","year":"1991","journal-title":"Med Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1998.tb01502.x","article-title":"Incidence rate of first-time symptomatic urinary tract infection in children under 6 years of age","volume":"87","author":"Marild","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0065","first-page":"19","article-title":"Prevalence of urinary tract infection (UTI) in sequential acutely unwell children presenting in primary care: exploratory study","volume":"29","author":"O\u2019Brien","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scand J Prim Health Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)81531-8","article-title":"Prevalence of urinary tract infection in febrile infants","volume":"123","author":"Hoberman","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1179\/joc.2000.12.2.115","article-title":"Antibiotic prophylaxis in children with relapsing urinary tract infections: review","volume":"12","author":"Mangiarotti","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s004670000493","article-title":"Recurrence and follow-up after urinary tract infection under the age of 1 year","volume":"16","author":"Nuutinen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e31815e4122","article-title":"Prevalence of urinary tract infection in childhood: a meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Shaikh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-1825","article-title":"Clinical and demographic factors associated with urinary tract infection in young febrile infants","volume":"116","author":"Zorc","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-006-0158-7","article-title":"First urinary tract infection in neonates, infants and young children: a comparative study","volume":"21","author":"Kanellopoulos","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Subcommittee on Urinary Tract Infection, Steering Committee on Quality Improvement and Management, Roberts KB. Urinary tract infection: clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of the initial UTI in febrile infants and children 2 to 24 months. Pediatrics 201;128:595\u2013610.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-1330"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2011.02549.x","article-title":"Febrile urinary tract infections in young children: recommendations for the diagnosis, treatment and follow-up","volume":"101","author":"Ammenti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0110","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Urinary tract infection in children: diagnosis, treatment and long-term management. NICE Web site. http:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/cg054."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0115","series-title":"Campbell-Walsh urology","first-page":"3232","article-title":"Infection and inflammation of the pediatric genitourinary tract","author":"Shortliffe","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1754.1998.00190.x","article-title":"Symptomatic urinary tract infection in preschool Australian children","volume":"34","author":"Craig","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3955(16)36321-0","article-title":"Pediatric urinary tract infection. Diagnosis, classification, and significance","volume":"34","author":"Burns","year":"1987","journal-title":"Pediatr Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1097\/00006565-198706000-00003","article-title":"Urine culturing technique in febrile infants","volume":"3","author":"Bonadio","year":"1987","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-198703000-00004","article-title":"Prevalence of bacteriuria in febrile children","volume":"6","author":"Bauchner","year":"1987","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(83)80702-1","article-title":"Urinary tract infection in infants with unexplained fever: a collaborative study","volume":"103","author":"Roberts","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"c1594","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c1594","article-title":"The accuracy of clinical symptoms and signs for the diagnosis of serious bacterial infection in young febrile children: prospective cohort study of 15 781 febrile illnesses","volume":"340","author":"Craig","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8627(05)70049-3","article-title":"Evaluation of the infant with fever without source: an evidence based approach","volume":"17","author":"Slater","year":"1999","journal-title":"Emerg Med Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0b013e32834f0423","article-title":"Evaluation and management of urinary tract infections in the neonate","volume":"24","author":"Beetz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-200X.2004.01837.x","article-title":"Neonatal urinary tract infections: analysis of the patients and recurrences","volume":"46","author":"Biyikli","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatr Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-200x.2004.01937.x","article-title":"Transient Pseudohypoaldosteronism in an infant with urinary tract anomaly","volume":"46","author":"Tutunculer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatr Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195728","DOI":"10.1186\/1687-9856-2009-195728","article-title":"Transient pseudohypoaldosteronism due to urinary tract infection in infancy: a report of 4 cases","volume":"2009","author":"Nandagopal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-011-1966-y","article-title":"Difficulties in diagnosing urinary tract infections in small children","volume":"26","author":"Tullus","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-5-4","article-title":"Rapid tests and urine sampling techniques for the diagnosis of urinary tract infection (UTI) in children under five years: a systematic review","volume":"5","author":"Whiting","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(99)70099-5","article-title":"Accuracy of clean-catch urine collection in infancy","volume":"135","author":"Ramage","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1754.2012.02449.x","article-title":"Contamination rates of different urine collection methods for the diagnosis of urinary tract infections in young children: an observational cohort study","volume":"48","author":"Tosif","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1754.1999.00305.x","article-title":"Is urethral catheterization a successful alternative to suprapubic aspiration in neonates?","volume":"35","author":"Austin","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0b013e3182037c20","article-title":"Risk factors for contamination of catheterized urine specimens in febrile children","volume":"27","author":"Wingerter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.308.6930.690","article-title":"Suprapubic aspiration under ultrasound guidance in children with fever of undiagnosed cause","volume":"308","author":"Buys","year":"1994","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)80861-3","article-title":"Ultrasound guidance of suprapubic bladder aspiration in neonates","volume":"123","author":"Kiernan","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e51","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-2326","article-title":"Pain in infants who are younger than 2 months during suprapubic aspiration and transurethral bladder catheterization: a randomized, controlled study","volume":"118","author":"Kozer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02726260","article-title":"Use of eutectic mixture of local anesthetics in children","volume":"66","author":"Dutta","year":"1999","journal-title":"Indian J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"iii","DOI":"10.3310\/hta10360","article-title":"Clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of tests for the diagnosis and investigation of urinary tract infection in children: a systematic review and economic model","volume":"10","author":"Whiting","year":"2006","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1288","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-2392","article-title":"To clean or not to clean: effect on contamination rates in midstream urine collections in toilet-trained children","volume":"119","author":"Vaillancourt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.60.2.244","article-title":"Sensitivity of a nitrite indicator strip method in detecting bacteriuria in preschool girls","volume":"60","author":"Kunin","year":"1977","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.39.12.1360","article-title":"Dipstick analysis for screening of paediatric urine","volume":"39","author":"Boreland","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.20257","article-title":"Clinical laboratory automated urinalysis: comparison among automated microscopy, flow cytometry, two test strips analyzers, and manual microscopic examination of the urine sediments","volume":"22","author":"Mayo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Lab Anal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0250","first-page":"56","article-title":"Asymptomatic infections of the urinary tract","volume":"69","author":"Kass","year":"1956","journal-title":"Trans Assoc Am Physicians"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199109000-00004","article-title":"Use of routine urinalysis in making a presumptive diagnosis of urinary tract infection in children","volume":"10","author":"Lohr","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.18.2.417-422.2005","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of pediatric urinary tract infections","volume":"18","author":"Zorc","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.59.2.102","article-title":"Low urinary counts of P-fimbriated Escherichia coli in presumed acute pyelonephritis","volume":"59","author":"Bollgren","year":"1984","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(83)90073-6","article-title":"Measurement of pyuria and its relation to bacteriuria","volume":"75","author":"Stamm","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e328013cb2a","article-title":"Procalcitonin and pyelonephritis in children","volume":"20","author":"Pecile","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2008.10.042","article-title":"Comparative efficacies of procalcitonin and conventional inflammatory markers for prediction of renal parenchymal inflammation in pediatric first urinary tract infection","volume":"73","author":"Kotoula","year":"2009","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2009.06.037","article-title":"Serum procalcitonin for prediction of renal parenchymal involvement in children with urinary tract infections: a meta-analysis of prospective clinical studies","volume":"155","author":"Mantadakis","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2011.03.008","article-title":"Procalcitonin is a predictor for high-grade vesicoureteral reflux in children: meta-analysis of individual patient data","volume":"159","author":"Leroy","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e173","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-2866","article-title":"Early antibiotic treatment of pyelonephritis in children is still mandatory","volume":"123","author":"Doganis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-009-1233-7","article-title":"Can prompt treatment of childhood UTI prevent kidney scarring?","volume":"24","author":"Coulthard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-011-1614-3","article-title":"The impact of therapeutic delay time on acute scintigraphic lesion and ultimate scar formation in children with first febrile UTI","volume":"171","author":"Oh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1990.tb11460.x","article-title":"Spontaneous clearance of asymptomatic bacteriuria in infants","volume":"79","author":"Wettergren","year":"1990","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0315","first-page":"CD003966","article-title":"Short versus standard duration oral antibiotic therapy for acute urinary tract infection in children","author":"Michael","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0320","first-page":"CD006857","article-title":"Antibiotics for treating lower urinary tract infection in children","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.109.5.e70","article-title":"A meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials comparing short- and long-course antibiotic therapy for urinary tract infections in children","volume":"109","author":"Keren","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1007\/s00120-006-1254-9","article-title":"Urinary tract infections in infants and children--a consensus on diagnostic, therapy and prophylaxis [in German]","volume":"46","author":"Beetz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Urologe A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0335","first-page":"CD003772","article-title":"Antibiotics for acute pyelonephritis in children","author":"Hodson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e111","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.114.1.e111","article-title":"Extended-interval aminoglycoside administration for children: a meta-analysis","volume":"114","author":"Contopoulos-Ioannidis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-011-1264-4","article-title":"Characterisation of uropathogenic Escherichia coli from children with urinary tract infection in different countries","volume":"30","author":"Ramos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-200X.2012.03709.x","article-title":"Risk factors for community-acquired urinary tract infection caused by ESBL-producing bacteria in children","volume":"54","author":"Kizilca","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e31820d7ec4","article-title":"Outcome of urinary tract infections caused by extended spectrum (beta)-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in children","volume":"30","author":"Tratselas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-2948","article-title":"Length of intravenous antibiotic therapy and treatment failure in infants with urinary tract infections","volume":"126","author":"Brady","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0b013e3180302c47","article-title":"Efficacy of short-term intravenous antibiotic in neonates with urinary tract infection","volume":"23","author":"Magin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpneph0662","article-title":"Are oral antibiotics alone efficacious for the treatment of a first episode of acute pyelonephritis in children?","volume":"4","author":"Mak","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0375","unstructured":"Grabe M, Bartoletti R, Bjerklund Johansen TE, et al. Guidelines on urological infections. European Association of Urology Web site. http:\/\/www.uroweb.org\/gls\/pdf\/19%20Urological%20infections_LR.pdf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-1362","article-title":"Clinical significance of primary vesicoureteral reflux and urinary antibiotic prophylaxis after acute pyelonephritis: a multicenter, randomized, controlled study","volume":"117","author":"Garin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-3770","article-title":"Prophylaxis after first febrile urinary tract infection in children? A multicenter, randomized, controlled, noninferiority trial","volume":"122","author":"Montini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1489","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-2652","article-title":"Is antibiotic prophylaxis in children with vesicoureteral reflux effective in preventing pyelonephritis and renal scars? A randomized, controlled trial","volume":"121","author":"Pennesi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.09.090","article-title":"Antibiotic prophylaxis for the prevention of recurrent urinary tract infection in children with low grade vesicoureteral reflux: results from a prospective randomized study","volume":"179","author":"Roussey-Kesler","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1748","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0902295","article-title":"Antibiotic prophylaxis and recurrent urinary tract infection in children","volume":"361","author":"Craig","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2011.05.006","article-title":"The Swedish reflux trial: review of a randomized, controlled trial in children with dilating vesicoureteral reflux","volume":"7","author":"Brandstrom","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Pediatr Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2012.11.014","article-title":"Bacterial pathogens in first febrile urinary tract infection affect breakthrough infections in infants with vesicoureteral reflux treated with prophylactic antibiotics","volume":"81","author":"Park","year":"2013","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2367","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1401811","article-title":"Antimicrobial prophylaxis for children with vesicoureteral reflux","volume":"370","author":"Hoberman","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir801","article-title":"Cranberry juice for the prevention of recurrences of urinary tract infections in children: a randomized placebo-controlled trial","volume":"54","author":"Salo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2012.02.031","article-title":"Cranberry juice for the prevention of pediatric urinary tract infection: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"188","author":"Afshar","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.68.2.235","article-title":"Compliance with antibiotic prophylaxis in urinary tract infection","volume":"68","author":"Smyth","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2010.01.036","article-title":"Compliance with antibiotic prophylaxis in children with vesicoureteral reflux: results from a national pharmacy claims database","volume":"183","author":"Copp","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S7","DOI":"10.1185\/030079907X226221","article-title":"Part 2: Examining pediatric vesicoureteral reflux: a real-world evaluation of treatment patterns and outcomes","volume":"23","author":"Hensle","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2012.01.130","article-title":"Prospective blinded laboratory assessment of prophylactic antibiotic compliance in a pediatric outpatient setting","volume":"187","author":"Yiee","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2010.01.032","article-title":"Value of ultrasound in evaluation of infants with first urinary tract infection","volume":"183","author":"Preda","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0455","first-page":"1501","article-title":"Incidence of abnormal imaging and recurrent pyelonephritis after first febrile urinary tract infection in children 2 to 24 months old","volume":"190","author":"Juliano","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2013.04.026","article-title":"Utility of screening ultrasound after first febrile UTI among patients with clinically significant vesicoureteral reflux","volume":"82","author":"Massanyi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Urology."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2013.02.3201","article-title":"Rectal examination in children: digital versus transabdominal ultrasound","volume":"190","author":"Burgers","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2011.12.045","article-title":"Value of abdominal radiography, colonic transit time, and rectal ultrasound scanning in the diagnosis of idiopathic constipation in children: a systematic review","volume":"161","author":"Berger","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2008.01.055","article-title":"Transabdominal ultrasound of rectum as a diagnostic tool in childhood constipation","volume":"179","author":"Joensson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2005.08.012","article-title":"Use of pelvic ultrasound in the diagnosis of megarectum in children with constipation","volume":"40","author":"Singh","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1986","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000142686.09532.46","article-title":"The diameter of the rectum on ultrasonography as a diagnostic tool for constipation in children with dysfunctional voiding","volume":"172","author":"Klijn","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0490","first-page":"1336","article-title":"Radiation dosimetry of technetium-99m-DMSA in children","volume":"37","author":"Smith","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2009.12.039","article-title":"Risk factors for breakthrough infection in children with primary vesicoureteral reflux","volume":"183","author":"Shiraishi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2010.09.029","article-title":"Combined use of late phase dimercapto-succinic acid renal scintigraphy and ultrasound as first line screening after urinary tract infection in children","volume":"185","author":"Quirino","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-1963","article-title":"Implications of 99mTc-DMSA scintigraphy performed during urinary tract infection in neonates","volume":"124","author":"Siomou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2492062066","article-title":"Pediatric radiation exposure and effective dose reduction during voiding cystourethrography","volume":"249","author":"Ward","year":"2008","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-009-1161-5","article-title":"Effective dose estimation for pediatric voiding cystourethrography using an anthropomorphic phantom set and metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) technology","volume":"39","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0520","first-page":"262","article-title":"Dose area product of pediatric VCUG with regard to the strongly lowered German diagnostic reference levels [in German]","volume":"185","author":"Born","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rofo"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2012.05.059","article-title":"EAU guidelines on vesicoureteral reflux in children","volume":"62","author":"Tekg\u00fcl","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-011-1614-3","article-title":"The impact of therapeutic delay time on acute scintigraphic lesion and ultimate scar formation in children with first febrile UTI","volume":"171","author":"Oh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-008-1018-4","article-title":"Timing of voiding cystourethrography in infants with first time urinary infection","volume":"24","author":"Doganis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2007.116392","article-title":"Timing of voiding cystourethrogram after urinary tract infection","volume":"93","author":"Sathapornwajana","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2010.10.012","article-title":"The accuracy and health risks of a voiding cystourethrogram after a febrile urinary tract infection","volume":"8","author":"Spencer","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pediatr Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0550","first-page":"468","article-title":"When is the best time for voiding cystourethrogram in urinary tract infection of children?","volume":"50","author":"Mahyar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Med Iran"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)62686-7","article-title":"The relationship among dysfunctional elimination syndromes, primary vesicoureteral reflux and urinary tract infections in children","volume":"160","author":"Koff","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1159\/000019820","article-title":"Assessment of lower urinary tract dysfunction in children with non-neuropathic bladder sphincter dysfunction","volume":"35","author":"Hoebeke","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0565","first-page":"27","article-title":"Dysfunctional voiding: a complex of bladder\/sphincter dysfunction, urinary tract infections and vesicoureteral reflux","volume":"63","author":"van Gool","year":"1995","journal-title":"Acta Urol Belg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1159\/000409249","article-title":"Bladder-sphincter dysfunction, urinary infection and vesico-ureteral reflux with special reference to cognitive bladder training","volume":"39","author":"van Gool","year":"1984","journal-title":"Contrib Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410x.2000.00664.x","article-title":"Pelvic-floor therapy and toilet training in young children with dysfunctional voiding and obstipation","volume":"85","author":"De Paepe","year":"2000","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0580","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.100.2.228","article-title":"Urinary incontinence and urinary tract infection and their resolution with treatment of chronic constipation of childhood","volume":"100","author":"Loening-Baucke","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0585","first-page":"152","article-title":"Constipation, bladder instability, urinary tract infection syndrome","volume":"23","author":"O\u2019Regan","year":"1985","journal-title":"Clin Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007_bib0590","unstructured":"Tekg\u00fcl S, Dogan HS, Hoebeke P, et al. Guidelines on paediatric urology. European Association of Urology Web site. http:\/\/www.uroweb.org\/gls\/pdf\/23%20Paediatric%20Urology_LR%20March%2025th.pdf."}],"container-title":["European Urology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0302283814011816?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0302283814011816?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,23]],"date-time":"2022-04-23T13:28:47Z","timestamp":1650720527000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0302283814011816"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]},"references-count":118,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0302283814011816"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-2838"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0302-2838","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Urinary Tract Infections in Children: EAU\/ESPU Guidelines","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"European Urology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2014 European Association of Urology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}