{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T17:10:11Z","timestamp":1791220211793,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,1]],"date-time":"2019-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1554076800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.fr","europeanurology.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["European Urology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,8]],"date-time":"2019-01-08T20:22:20Z","timestamp":1546978940000},"page":"615-625","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Benefits of Empiric Nutritional and Medical Therapy for Semen Parameters and Pregnancy and Live Birth Rates in Couples with Idiopathic Infertility: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"Muhammad Imran","family":"Omar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raj Prasenjit","family":"Pal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian D.","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harman Maxim","family":"Bruins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuhong","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thorsten","family":"Diemer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Csilla","family":"Krausz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herman","family":"Tournaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zsolt","family":"Kopa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Jungwirth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suks","family":"Minhas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0430","series-title":"WHO manual for the standardized investigation and diagnosis of the infertile couple","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2012.04.048","article-title":"European Association of Urology guidelines on male infertility: the 2012 update","volume":"62","author":"Jungwirth","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0440","series-title":"Andrology: male reproductive health and dysfunction","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-978596","article-title":"Metabolic effects of L-carnitine on prepubertal rat Sertoli cells","volume":"32","author":"Palmero","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hormone Metab Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.1997.tb00305.x","article-title":"Scavenging effect of N-acetyl-L-cysteine against reactive oxygen species in human semen: a possible therapeutic modality for male factor infertility?","volume":"29","author":"Oeda","year":"1997","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1126\/science.285.5432.1393","article-title":"Dual function of the selenoprotein PHGPx during sperm maturation","volume":"285","author":"Ursini","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dml054","article-title":"The importance of folate, zinc and antioxidants in the pathogenesis and prevention of subfertility","volume":"13","author":"Ebisch","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.4081\/aiua.2014.3.164","article-title":"Is there a place for nutritional supplements in the treatment of idiopathic male infertility?","volume":"86","author":"Arcaniolo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch Ital Urol Androl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2047-2927.2013.00107.x","article-title":"Revisiting oestrogen antagonists (clomiphene or tamoxifen) as medical empiric therapy for idiopathic male infertility: a meta-analysis","volume":"1","author":"Chua","year":"2013","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R46","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-15-0050","article-title":"FSH treatment of male idiopathic infertility improves pregnancy rate: a meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Santi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocrine Connect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426951","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/426951","article-title":"Review of clinical trials on effects of oral antioxidants on basic semen and other parameters in idiopathic oligoasthenoteratozoospermia","volume":"2014","author":"Imamovic Kumalic","year":"2014","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuv059","article-title":"Nutritional modifications in male infertility: a systematic review covering 2 decades","volume":"74","author":"Giahi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000097","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement","volume":"6","author":"Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2017.08.016","article-title":"Key steps in conducting systematic reviews for underpinning clinical practice guidelines: methodology of the European Association of Urology","volume":"73","author":"Knoll","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"d5928","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d5928","article-title":"The Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials","volume":"343","author":"Higgins","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i4919","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i4919","article-title":"ROBINS-I: a tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions","volume":"355","author":"Sterne","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0510","first-page":"817","article-title":"Combination effect of pentoxifylline and L-carnitine on idiopathic oligoasthenoteratozoospermia","volume":"12","author":"Moslemi Mehni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Iran J Reprod Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0515","first-page":"126138","article-title":"Comparison on the effects and safety of Tualang honey and Tribestan in sperm parameters, erectile function, and hormonal profiles among oligospermic males","volume":"2014","author":"Ismail","year":"2014","journal-title":"eCAM"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1111\/and.12062","article-title":"Effect of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on antioxidant enzymes activity and oxidative stress of seminal plasma: a double-blind randomised clinical trial","volume":"46","author":"Nadjarzadeh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10016-1053","article-title":"Fixed dose combination therapy of antioxidants in treatment of idiopathic oligoasthenozoospermia: results of a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"4","author":"Gopinath","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Infertil Fetal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0530","first-page":"571420","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of the spermatogenic activity of the root extract of ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) in oligospermic males: a pilot study","volume":"2013","author":"Ambiye","year":"2013","journal-title":"eCAM"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.111.013326","article-title":"Recombinant human FSH reduces sperm DNA fragmentation in men with idiopathic oligoasthenoteratozoospermia","volume":"33","author":"Colacurci","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Androl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclnm.2011.11.002","article-title":"Improvement of sperm quality after micronutrient supplementation","volume":"7","author":"Imhof","year":"2012","journal-title":"e-SPEN J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2012.03.131","article-title":"Effects of the reduced form of coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinol) on semen parameters in men with idiopathic infertility: a double-blind, placebo controlled, randomized study","volume":"188","author":"Safarinejad","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2011.265","article-title":"Low-dose lisinopril in normotensive men with idiopathic oligospermia and infertility: a 5-year randomized, controlled, crossover pilot study","volume":"91","author":"Mbah","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0555","first-page":"e224","article-title":"Coenzyme Q10 improves seminal oxidative defense but does not affect on semen parameters in idiopathic oligoasthenoteratozoospermia: a randomized double-blind, placebo controlled trial","volume":"34","author":"Nadjarzadeh","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-1591.85440","article-title":"Herbo-mineral supplementation in men with idiopathic oligoasthenoteratospermia: a double blind randomized placebo-controlled trial","volume":"27","author":"Kumar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0565","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-010-9826-4","article-title":"Effect of pentoxifylline on semen parameters, reproductive hormones, and seminal plasma antioxidant capacity in men with idiopathic infertility: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study","volume":"43","author":"Safarinejad","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int Urol Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.3294","article-title":"A prospective double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study of the effect of saffron (Crocus sativus Linn.) on semen parameters and seminal plasma antioxidant capacity in infertile men with idiopathic oligoasthenoteratozoospermia","volume":"25","author":"Safarinejad","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phytother Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.2009.01013.x","article-title":"Effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on semen profile and enzymatic anti-oxidant capacity of seminal plasma in infertile men with idiopathic oligoasthenoteratospermia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised study","volume":"43","author":"Safarinejad","year":"2011","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0580","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2009.01.117","article-title":"Combination clomiphene citrate and antioxidant therapy for idiopathic male infertility: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"93","author":"Ghanem","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0585","first-page":"188","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of clomiphene citrate and L-carnitine in idiopathic male infertility: a comparative study","volume":"7","author":"Moradi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Urol J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0590","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1159\/000251186","article-title":"Role of testosterone\/estradiol ratio in predicting the efficacy of tamoxifen citrate treatment in idiopathic oligoasthenoteratozoospermic men","volume":"83","author":"Cakan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Urol Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0595","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2009.02.121","article-title":"Efficacy of coenzyme Q10 on semen parameters, sperm function and reproductive hormones in infertile men","volume":"182","author":"Safarinejad","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0600","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2008.10.015","article-title":"Efficacy of selenium and\/or N-acetyl-cysteine for improving semen parameters in infertile men: a double-blind, placebo controlled, randomized study","volume":"181","author":"Safarinejad","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0605","first-page":"142","article-title":"The role of Manix in the management of idiopathic oligospermia. A pilot study at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital","volume":"18","author":"Tijani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nig Q J Hosp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0610","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2005.10.055","article-title":"Carnitine for the treatment of idiopathic asthenospermia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"85","author":"Sigman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0615","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2006.02.087","article-title":"Effects of high doses of recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone in the treatment of male factor infertility: results of a pilot study","volume":"86","author":"Paradisi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2005.03.064","article-title":"Placebo-controlled double-blind randomized trial on the use of L-carnitine, L-acetylcarnitine, or combined L-carnitine and L-acetylcarnitine in men with idiopathic asthenozoospermia","volume":"84","author":"Balercia","year":"2005","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0625","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2005.03.055","article-title":"Treatment of male idiopathic infertility with recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone: a prospective, controlled, randomized clinical study","volume":"84","author":"Foresta","year":"2005","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0630","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2003.10.034","article-title":"A placebo-controlled double-blind randomized trial of the use of combined L-carnitine and L-acetyl-carnitine treatment in men with asthenozoospermia","volume":"81","author":"Lenzi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0635","first-page":"131","article-title":"Magnesium-orotate supplementation for idiopathic infertile male patients: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical pilot study","volume":"16","author":"Zavaczki","year":"2003","journal-title":"Magnes Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0640","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(02)04679-4","article-title":"Use of carnitine therapy in selected cases of male factor infertility: a double-blind crossover trial","volume":"79","author":"Lenzi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0645","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(03)02202-7","article-title":"Recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone as a pretreatment for idiopathic oligoasthenoteratozoospermic patients undergoing intracytoplasmic sperm injection","volume":"80","author":"Caroppo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0650","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(03)01123-3","article-title":"Effectiveness of combined tamoxifen citrate and testosterone undecanoate treatment in men with idiopathic oligozoospermia","volume":"80","author":"Adamopoulos","year":"2003","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0655","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(01)03229-0","article-title":"Effects of folic acid and zinc sulfate on male factor subfertility: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"77","author":"Wong","year":"2002","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0660","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(01)02966-1","article-title":"Use of recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone in the treatment of male factor infertility","volume":"77","author":"Foresta","year":"2002","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0665","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2042.1998.tb00367.x","article-title":"A prospective comparative trial of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue with clomiphene citrate for the treatment of oligoasthenozoospermia","volume":"5","author":"Matsumiya","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0670","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410x.1998.00683.x","article-title":"The effect of oral selenium supplementation on human sperm motility","volume":"82","author":"Scott","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0675","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/13.3.596","article-title":"Recombinant human follicle stimulating hormone for treatment of male idiopathic infertility: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial","volume":"13","author":"Kamischke","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0680","first-page":"301","article-title":"Treatment of idiopathic oligozoospermia with an alpha-blocker: a placebo-controlled double-blind trial","volume":"42","author":"Gregoriou","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int J Fertil Women's Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0685","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.3109\/01485019708987903","article-title":"Effects of pentoxifylline on sperm motility in normogonadotropic asthenozoospermic men","volume":"39","author":"Merino","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch Androl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0690","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(97)81379-9","article-title":"The combination of testosterone undecanoate with tamoxifen citrate enhances the effects of each agent given independently on seminal parameters in men with idiopathic oligozoospermia","volume":"67","author":"Adamopoulos","year":"1997","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0695","first-page":"64","article-title":"Effect of Y virilin on male infertility","volume":"43","author":"Rege","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Postgrad Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0700","first-page":"530","article-title":"Lipid peroxidation and human sperm motility: protective role of vitamin E","volume":"17","author":"Suleiman","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Androl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0705","first-page":"129","article-title":"The lack of effectiveness of kallikrein in the treatment of idiopathic oligozoospermia: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study","volume":"41","author":"Yamamoto","year":"1996","journal-title":"Jpn J Fertil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0710","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)57992-8","article-title":"New treatment of idiopathic severe oligozoospermia with mast cell blocker: results of a single-blind study","volume":"64","author":"Yamamoto","year":"1995","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0715","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)57375-0","article-title":"Comparison of the effectiveness of placebo and alpha-blocker therapy for the treatment of idiopathic oligozoospermia","volume":"63","author":"Yamamoto","year":"1995","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0720","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a138501","article-title":"Ineffectiveness of kallikrein in treatment of idiopathic male infertility: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"9","author":"Keck","year":"1994","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0725","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)56409-7","article-title":"Efficacy of kallikrein in the treatment of oligozoospermia and asthenozoospermia: a double-blind trial","volume":"60","author":"Glezerman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0730","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.3109\/01485019308988379","article-title":"Effectiveness of antiestrogens in infertile men","volume":"31","author":"Breznik","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch Androl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0735","first-page":"9","article-title":"Treatment of idiopathic infertility with testosterone undecanoate. A double blind study","volume":"20","author":"Gregoriou","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0740","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.1992.tb01110.x","article-title":"Treatment of idiopathic oligozoospermia with tamoxifen\u2014a randomized controlled study","volume":"15","author":"Krause","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int J Androl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0745","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)55022-5","article-title":"Follicle-stimulating hormone bioactivity in idiopathic normogonadotropic oligoasthenozoospermia: double-blind trial with gonadotropin-releasing hormone","volume":"57","author":"Crottaz","year":"1992","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0750","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)54193-4","article-title":"Placebo-controlled trial of high-dose mesterolone treatment of idiopathic male infertility","volume":"55","author":"Gerris","year":"1991","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0755","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1159\/000464043","article-title":"Tamoxifen and kallikrein in therapy of oligoasthenozoospermia: results of a randomized study","volume":"17","author":"Maier","year":"1990","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0760","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.12770","article-title":"Treatment of idiopathic oligozoospermia with recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study in Chinese population","volume":"83","author":"Ding","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0765","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12086","article-title":"Combination of vitamin E and clomiphene citrate in treating patients with idiopathic oligoasthenozoospermia: a prospective, randomized trial","volume":"3","author":"ElSheikh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0770","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-016-1037-z","article-title":"FSH treatment in infertile males candidate to assisted reproduction improved sperm DNA fragmentation and pregnancy rate","volume":"56","author":"Garolla","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0775","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-015-1065-2","article-title":"Tamoxifen is a potent antioxidant modulator for sperm quality in patients with idiopathic oligoasthenospermia","volume":"47","author":"Guo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int Urol Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0780","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2015.05.014","article-title":"Randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial examining the effects of alpha-lipoic acid supplement on the spermatogram and seminal oxidative stress in infertile men","volume":"104","author":"Haghighian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0785","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10016-1096","article-title":"Combined tamoxifen and L-carnitine therapies for the treatment of idiopathic male infertility attending intracytoplasmic sperm injection: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"6","author":"Haje","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Infertil Fetal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0790","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.29252\/ijrm.14.8.533","article-title":"The influence of ginger (Zingiber officinale) on human sperm quality and DNA fragmentation: a double-blind randomized clinical trial","volume":"14","author":"Hosseini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Reprod BioMed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0795","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-016-0219-0","article-title":"Comparison of the effect of a combination of eight micronutrients versus a standard mono preparation on sperm parameters","volume":"14","author":"Lipovac","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reprod Biol Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0800","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12336","article-title":"The association of a probiotic with a prebiotic (Flortec, Bracco) to improve the quality\/quantity of spermatozoa in infertile patients with idiopathic oligoasthenoteratospermia: a pilot study","volume":"5","author":"Maretti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0805","first-page":"2162","article-title":"The use of r-hFSH in treatment of idiopathic male factor infertility before ICSI","volume":"19","author":"Farrag","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0810","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2010.01086.x","article-title":"The response to FSH treatment in oligozoospermic men depends on FSH receptor gene polymorphisms","volume":"34","author":"Selice","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Androl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0815","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1111\/and.12194","article-title":"Evidence for a stimulatory role of high doses of recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone in the treatment of male-factor infertility","volume":"46","author":"Paradisi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0820","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1007\/s12610-009-0030-2","article-title":"Medicinal plants as potential male anti-infertility agents: a review","volume":"19","author":"Nantia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Basic Clin Androl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0825","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.4236\/asm.2013.34013","article-title":"Ameliorative effects of Syzygium aromaticum essential oil on fertility in male rats exposed to manganese","volume":"3","author":"Boudou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv Sex Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2008.11.053","article-title":"Studies on the protective role of lycopene against polychlorinated biphenyls (Aroclor 1254)-induced changes in StAR protein and cytochrome P450 scc enzyme expression on Leydig cells of adult rats","volume":"27","author":"Elumalai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0835","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2007.01.008","article-title":"Effects of vitamins C and E on steroidogenic enzymes mRNA expression in polychlorinated biphenyl (Aroclor 1254) exposed adult rat Leydig cells","volume":"232","author":"Murugesan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0840","first-page":"732","article-title":"Role of L-carnitine in male infertility","volume":"61","author":"Ahmed","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Pakistan Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0845","first-page":"504","article-title":"Expressions of sperm-specific genes in carnitine-cultured testis sperm of obstructive azoospermia patients","volume":"16","author":"Shi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022_bib0850","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-11-81","article-title":"Protective effects of in vitro treatment with zinc, d-aspartate and coenzyme Q10 on human sperm motility, lipid peroxidation and DNA fragmentation","volume":"11","author":"Talevi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Reprod Biol Endocrinol"}],"container-title":["European Urology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0302283818310273?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0302283818310273?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,4]],"date-time":"2019-04-04T16:56:48Z","timestamp":1554397008000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0302283818310273"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0302283818310273"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-2838"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0302-2838","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Benefits of Empiric Nutritional and Medical Therapy for Semen Parameters and Pregnancy and Live Birth Rates in Couples with Idiopathic Infertility: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"European Urology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.022","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2018 European Association of Urology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}