{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T04:46:09Z","timestamp":1791348369092,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,6,1]],"date-time":"2004-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1086048000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Experimental Eye Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2004.02.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,25]],"date-time":"2004-03-25T13:56:00Z","timestamp":1080222960000},"page":"1069-1075","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":92,"title":["Melatonin protects human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells against oxidative stress"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"78","author":[{"given":"Fong-Qi","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lori","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cindy","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajiha","family":"Alssadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard F.","family":"Godley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2004.02.003_BIB1","first-page":"3575","article-title":"Retinal pigment epithelium is protected against apoptosis by alphaB-crystallin","volume":"43","author":"Alge","year":"2002","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2004.02.003_BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.10.8.8666165","article-title":"Neurohormone melatonin prevents cell damage: effect on gene expression for antioxidant enzymes","volume":"10","author":"Antolin","year":"1996","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2004.02.003_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.119.10.1417","article-title":"A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc for age- related macular degeneration and vision loss: AREDS report no. 8","volume":"119","author":"AREDS Study Group","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2004.02.003_BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.1998.0661","article-title":"Hydrogen peroxide causes significant mitochondrial DNA damage in human RPE cells","volume":"68","author":"Ballinger","year":"1999","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2004.02.003_BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-4886(03)00085-2","article-title":"Melatonin prevents cytoskeletal alterations and oxidative stress induced by okadaic acid in N1E-115 cells","volume":"182","author":"Benitez-King","year":"2003","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2004.02.003_BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.1999.tb00597.x","article-title":"Physiological levels of melatonin contribute to the antioxidant capacity of human serum","volume":"27","author":"Benot","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2004.02.003_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6828862","article-title":"Methoxyindoles and photoreceptor metabolism: activation of rod shedding","volume":"219","author":"Besharse","year":"1983","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2004.02.003_BIB8","first-page":"1909","article-title":"Physiological melatonin inhibition of human breast cancer cell growth in vitro: evidence for a glutathione-mediated pathway","volume":"57","author":"Blask","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2004.02.003_BIB9","first-page":"959","article-title":"Oxidant-induced apoptosis in cultured human retinal pigment epithelial cells","volume":"40","author":"Cai","year":"1999","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2004.02.003_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/S1350-9462(99)00009-9","article-title":"Oxidative damage and protection of the RPE","volume":"19","author":"Cai","year":"2000","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2004.02.003_BIB11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1038\/306782a0","article-title":"Melatonin is a potent modulator of dopamine release in the retina","volume":"306","author":"Dubocovoich","year":"1984","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2004.02.003_BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.120.11.1435","article-title":"The role of apoptosis in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"120","author":"Dunaief","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2004.02.003_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.1996.0020","article-title":"ARPE-19, a human retinal pigment epithelial cell line with differentiated properties","volume":"62","author":"Dunn","year":"1996","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2004.02.003_BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005425213253","article-title":"Acuna-Castroviejo D Role of pinoline and melatonin in stabilizing hepatic microsomal membranes against oxidative stress","volume":"31","author":"Garcia","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Bioenerg. Biomembr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2004.02.003_BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2415-3-5","article-title":"Oxidative stress causes ERK phosphorylation and cell death in cultured retinal pigment epithelium: Prevention of cell death by AG126 and 15-deoxy-delta 12, 14-PGJ2","volume":"3","author":"Garg","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2004.02.003_BIB16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.2001.1146","article-title":"Bcl-2 overexpression increases survival in human retinal pigment epithelial cells exposed to H(2)O(2)","volume":"74","author":"Godley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2004.02.003_BIB17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(85)33993-3","article-title":"Pathologic features of senile macular degeneration","volume":"92","author":"Green","year":"1985","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2004.02.003_BIB18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.116.2.203","article-title":"Apoptosis in surgically excised choroidal neovascular membranes in age- related macular degeneration","volume":"116","author":"Hinton","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2004.02.003_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1076\/ceyr.22.3.165.5517","article-title":"Hydrogen peroxide stimulates apoptosis in cultured human retinal pigment epithelial cells","volume":"22","author":"Jin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2004.02.003_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1076\/ceyr.23.1.11.5423","article-title":"Rod outer segments mediate mitochondrial DNA damage and apoptosis in human retinal pigment epithelium","volume":"23","author":"Jin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2004.02.003_BIB21","first-page":"14","article-title":"Melatonin and aging","volume":"1","author":"Karasek","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2004.02.003_BIB22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.2174\/1568026023394380","article-title":"Melatonin and circadian rhythms","volume":"2","author":"Kennaway","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr. Top Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2004.02.003_BIB23","first-page":"269","article-title":"Melatonin prevents oxidative damage to protein and lipid induced by ascorbate-Fe(3+)-EDTA: Comparison with glutathione and alpha-tocopherol","volume":"21","author":"Kim","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2004.02.003_BIB24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-4835(03)00023-X","article-title":"Oxidative stress-induced mitochondrial DNA damage in human retinal pigment epithelial cells: a possible mechanism for RPE aging and age-related macular degeneration","volume":"76","author":"Liang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2004.02.003_BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1991.01080090111033","article-title":"Antioxidant enzymes in the aging human retinal pigment epithelium","volume":"109","author":"Liles","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2004.02.003_BIB26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.1999.tb00582.x","article-title":"Melatonin as an antioxidant in retinal photoreceptors","volume":"26","author":"Marchiafava","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2004.02.003_BIB27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.99-0865fje","article-title":"Melatonin but not vitamins C and E maintains glutathione homeostasis in t-butyl hydroperoxide-induced mitochondrial oxidative stress","volume":"14","author":"Martin","year":"2000","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2004.02.003_BIB28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.1998.tb00531.x","article-title":"Melatonin prevents apoptosis induced by 6-hydroxydopamine in neuronal cells: implications for Parkinson's disease","volume":"24","author":"Mayo","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2004.02.003_BIB29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-4580(02)00005-2","article-title":"Melatonin reduces oxidative damage of neural lipids and proteins in senescence-accelerated mouse","volume":"23","author":"Okatani","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2004.02.003_BIB30","first-page":"2374","article-title":"Melatonin counteracts ischemia-induced apoptosis in human retinal pigment epithelial cells","volume":"39","author":"Osborne","year":"1998","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2004.02.003_BIB31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-05-01683.1997","article-title":"Melatonin prevents death of neuroblastoma cells exposed to the Alzheimer amyloid peptide","volume":"17","author":"Pappolla","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2004.02.003_BIB32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.950140307","article-title":"The ageing pineal gland and its physiological consequences","volume":"14","author":"Reiter","year":"1992","journal-title":"Bioessays"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2004.02.003_BIB33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02253360","article-title":"Actions of melatonin in the reduction of oxidative stress. A review","volume":"7","author":"Reiter","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2004.02.003_BIB34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2001.tb03627.x","article-title":"Free radical-mediated molecular damage. Mechanisms for the protective actions of melatonin in the central nervous system","volume":"939","author":"Reiter","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. NY Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2004.02.003_BIB35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.1995.tb00187.x","article-title":"The pineal neurohormone melatonin prevents in vivo and in vitro apoptosis in thymocytes","volume":"19","author":"SainZ","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2004.02.003_BIB36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(97)00307-8","article-title":"Melatonin protects bovine cerebral endothelial cells from hyporoxia-induced DNA damage and death","volume":"229","author":"Shaikh","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2004.02.003_BIB37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.1999.tb00606.x","article-title":"Pineal indoleamines and vitamin E reduce nitric oxide-induced lipid peroxidation in rat retinal homogenates","volume":"27","author":"Siu","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2004.02.003_BIB38","first-page":"2724","article-title":"Morphometric analysis of the choroid, Bruch's membrane, and retinal pigment epithelium in eyes with age-related macular degeneration","volume":"37","author":"Spraul","year":"1996","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2004.02.003_BIB39","first-page":"2348","article-title":"Metallothionein shows an age-related decrease in human macular retinal pigment epithelium","volume":"34","author":"Tate","year":"1993","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2004.02.003_BIB40","first-page":"1271","article-title":"Phagocytosis and H2O2 induce catalase and metallothionein gene expression in human retinal pigment epithelial cells","volume":"36","author":"Tate","year":"1995","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2004.02.003_BIB41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1081\/CBI-100101067","article-title":"Melatonin circadian rhythm in the retina of mammals","volume":"17","author":"Tosini","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2004.02.003_BIB42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(99)00131-8","article-title":"Melatonin induces gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase mediated by activator protein-1 in human vascular endothelial cells","volume":"27","author":"Urata","year":"1999","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2004.02.003_BIB43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(89)90122-3","article-title":"Effects of exogenous melatonin on circadian disc shedding in the albino rat retina","volume":"29","author":"White","year":"1989","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2004.02.003_BIB44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4835(86)90042-4","article-title":"Melatonin: parallels in pineal gland and retina","volume":"42","author":"Wiechmann","year":"1986","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2004.02.003_BIB45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-328X(98)00292-7","article-title":"Melatonin receptor RNA expression in Xenopus retina","volume":"63","author":"Wiechmann","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2004.02.003_BIB46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-328X(98)00292-7","article-title":"Melatonin receptor RNA expression in Xenopus retina","volume":"63","author":"Wiechmann","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2004.02.003_BIB47","first-page":"32","article-title":"Oxidative damage and age-related macular degeneration","volume":"5","author":"Winkler","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol. Vis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2004.02.003_BIB48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2135","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.85.6.2135","article-title":"Age-related decreases in melatonin secretion\u2014clinical consequences","volume":"85","author":"Wurtman","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."}],"container-title":["Experimental Eye Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014483504000582?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014483504000582?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,14]],"date-time":"2019-02-14T11:23:00Z","timestamp":1550143380000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0014483504000582"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,6]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0014483504000582"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2004.02.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["0014-4835"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0014-4835","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,6]]}}}