{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T19:47:53Z","timestamp":1789069673198,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,1]],"date-time":"2013-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1377993600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Eye Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,2]],"date-time":"2013-05-02T16:54:15Z","timestamp":1367513655000},"page":"58-68","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":323,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Time outdoors and the prevention of myopia"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Amanda N.","family":"French","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Regan S.","family":"Ashby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian G.","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn A.","family":"Rose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5247","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-4689","article-title":"The effect of bright light on lens compensation in chicks","volume":"51","author":"Ashby","year":"2010","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5348","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-3419","article-title":"The effect of ambient illuminance on the development of deprivation myopia in chicks","volume":"50","author":"Ashby","year":"2009","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib3","first-page":"489","article-title":"Education and myopia in 110,236 young Singaporean males","volume":"34","author":"Au Eong","year":"1993","journal-title":"Singapore Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib4","first-page":"29","article-title":"Race, culture and myopia in 110,236 young Singaporean males","volume":"34","author":"Au Eong","year":"1993","journal-title":"Singapore Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib5","first-page":"201","article-title":"The pattern of myopia in young Singaporean men","volume":"29","author":"Chew","year":"1988","journal-title":"Singapore Med. J."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6702397","article-title":"Characteristics of primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in Taiwan","volume":"21","author":"Chou","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2010.10.012","article-title":"Dependency between et intensity and refractive development under light-dark cycles","volume":"92","author":"Cohen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2012.08.004","article-title":"Ambient illuminance, retinal dopamine release and refractive development in chicks","volume":"103","author":"Cohen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.10.022","article-title":"Effect of day length on eye growth, myopia progression, and change of corneal power in myopic children","volume":"120","author":"Cui","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2012.49","article-title":"Comparison of measurements of time outdoors and light levels as risk factors for myopia in young Singapore children","volume":"26","author":"Dharani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2008.150979","article-title":"Outdoor activity and myopia in Singapore teenage children","volume":"93","author":"Dirani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3182640996","article-title":"Myopia progression in Chinese children is slower in summer than in winter","volume":"89","author":"Donovan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.02.007","article-title":"An updated view on the role of dopamine in myopia","volume":"114","author":"Feldkaemper","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2012.06.004","article-title":"The complex interactions of retinal, optical and environmental factors in myopia aetiology","volume":"31","author":"Flitcroft","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.02.035","article-title":"Risk factors for incident myopia in Australian school children: the Sydney adolescent vascular and eye study","author":"French","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12045","article-title":"Children's pattern of activities and the development of myopia","volume":"33","author":"French","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-012-0148-1","article-title":"Seasonal variation in myopia progression and axial elongation: an evaluation of Japanese children participating in a myopia control trial","volume":"56","author":"Fujiwara","year":"2012","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-200201000-00012","article-title":"Seasonal variation in myopia progression and ocular elongation","volume":"79","author":"Fulk","year":"2002","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.1994.tb00128.x","article-title":"Changes in refractive trends and optical components of Hong Kong Chinese aged 19\u201339 years","volume":"14","author":"Goh","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib20","first-page":"262","article-title":"Relation of childhood myopia progression rates to time of year","volume":"69","author":"Goss","year":"1998","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Am. Optom. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2856","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-9091","article-title":"Time outdoors and physical activity as predictors of incident myopia in childhood: a prospective cohort study","volume":"53","author":"Guggenheim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.07.086","article-title":"Outdoor activity and myopia among primary students in rural and urban regions of Beijing","volume":"120","author":"Guo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2012.06.021","article-title":"Compensation to positive as well as negative lenses can occur in chicks reared in bright UV lighting","volume":"67","author":"Hammond","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-1051","article-title":"Refractive error and visual impairment in urban children in southern China","volume":"45","author":"He","year":"2004","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2903","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-0804","article-title":"Role of near work in myopia: findings in a sample of Australian school children","volume":"49","author":"Ip","year":"2008","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib26","first-page":"1674","article-title":"Effects of apomorphine, a dopamine receptor agonist, on ocular refraction and axial elongation in a primate model of myopia","volume":"32","author":"Iuvone","year":"1991","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-1144","article-title":"Does the level of physical activity in university students influence development and progression of myopia? \u2013 a 2-year prospective cohort study","volume":"49","author":"Jacobsen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S2836","article-title":"The prevalence rates of refractive errors among children, adolescents, and adults in Germany","volume":"2","author":"Jobke","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3524","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-1118","article-title":"Parental history of myopia, sports and outdoor activities, and future myopia","volume":"48","author":"Jones","year":"2007","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-4997","article-title":"Visual activity before and after the onset of juvenile myopia","volume":"52","author":"Jones-Jordan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7169","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8336","article-title":"Time outdoors, visual activity, and myopia progression in juvenile-onset myopes","volume":"53","author":"Jones-Jordan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5579","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10106","article-title":"Prevalence of myopia and its association with body stature and educational level in 19-year-old male conscripts in Seoul, South Korea","volume":"53","author":"Jung","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.122.4.495","article-title":"The prevalence of refractive errors among adults in the United States, Western Europe, and Australia","volume":"122","author":"Kempen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib34","first-page":"434","article-title":"Prevalence and risk indicators of myopia among schoolchildren in Amman, Jordan","volume":"12","author":"Khader","year":"2006","journal-title":"East. Mediterr. Health J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1991.01080020090051","article-title":"The lens opacities case-control study. Risk factors for cataract","volume":"109","author":"Leske","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.47102\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.47102\/annals-acadmedsg.V33N1p27","article-title":"Prevalence of myopia in Taiwanese schoolchildren: 1983 to 2000","volume":"33","author":"Lin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Acad. Med. Singapore"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1097\/01.OPX.0000159358.71125.95","article-title":"Ametropia and ocular biometry in a U.K. university student population","volume":"82","author":"Logan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.3109\/15569520903178364","article-title":"Illumination with monochromatic long-wavelength light promotes myopic shift and ocular elongation in newborn pigmented guinea pigs","volume":"28","author":"Long","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cutan. Ocul. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2009.173187","article-title":"Family history, near work, outdoor activity, and myopia in Singapore Chinese preschool children","volume":"94","author":"Low","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2009.105","article-title":"Associations between near work, outdoor activity, and myopia among adolescent students in rural China: the Xichang pediatric refractive error study report no. 2","volume":"127","author":"Lu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.03.012","article-title":"Myopia as a risk factor for open-angle glaucoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"118","author":"Marcus","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6257(99)00094-6","article-title":"Prevalence of myopia and refractive changes in students from 3 to 17 years of age","volume":"44","author":"Matsumura","year":"1999","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1993.sp019821","article-title":"Experimental myopia in a diurnal mammal (Sciurus carolinensis) with no accommodative ability","volume":"469","author":"McBrien","year":"1993","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib44","first-page":"205","article-title":"Atropine reduces experimental myopia and eye enlargement via a nonaccommodative mechanism","volume":"34","author":"McBrien","year":"1993","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2006.09.018","article-title":"Dopaminergic agents affect the ability of brief periods of normal vision to prevent form-deprivation myopia","volume":"84","author":"McCarthy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib46","first-page":"S76","article-title":"Dopaminergic behaviour in chicken retina and the effect of form deprivation","volume":"25","author":"Megaw","year":"1997","journal-title":"ANZ J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2001.00145.x","article-title":"Vitreal dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) as an index of retinal dopamine release","volume":"76","author":"Megaw","year":"2001","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Neurochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2005.08.004","article-title":"Diurnal patterns of dopamine release in chicken retina","volume":"48","author":"Megaw","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.1996.tb00996.x","article-title":"Complexity of dopaminergic function in the retinal dark-light switch","volume":"24","author":"Morgan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2004.06.004","article-title":"How genetic is school myopia?","volume":"24","author":"Morgan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12040","article-title":"Myopia and international educational performance","volume":"33","author":"Morgan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiolog Opt."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60272-4","article-title":"Myopia","volume":"379","author":"Morgan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e31820b0385","article-title":"Blood levels of vitamin D in teens and young adults with myopia","volume":"88","author":"Mutti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e31819974ae","article-title":"Has near work's star fallen?","volume":"86","author":"Mutti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib55","first-page":"3633","article-title":"Parental myopia, near work, school achievement, and children's refractive error","volume":"43","author":"Mutti","year":"2002","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3818","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6534","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor (VDR) and group-specific component (GC, vitamin D-binding protein) polymorphisms in myopia","volume":"52","author":"Mutti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(94)00226-C","article-title":"The duration of normal visual exposure necessary to prevent form deprivation myopia in chicks","volume":"35","author":"Napper","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(96)00269-6","article-title":"The effect of an interrupted daily period of normal visual stimulation on form deprivation myopia in chicks","volume":"37","author":"Napper","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3180335c52","article-title":"Refractive errors of medical students in Turkey: one year follow-up of refraction and biometry","volume":"84","author":"Onal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1562\/0031-8655(2004)79<411:SPSUEM>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Personal solar UV exposure measurements employing modified polysulphone with an extended dynamic range","volume":"79","author":"Parisi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.2012.01111.x","article-title":"Determination of the usage of shade structures via a dosimetry technique","volume":"88","author":"Parisi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib62","first-page":"2794","article-title":"Myopia and myopic progression among schoolchildren: a three-year follow-up study","volume":"34","author":"Parssinen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-1362","article-title":"Incidence of myopia in high school students with and without red-green color vision deficiency","volume":"50","author":"Qian","year":"2009","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1475-1313.2003.00166.x","article-title":"Prevalence of refractive errors in teenage high school students in Singapore","volume":"24","author":"Quek","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.07.041210","article-title":"Global magnitude of visual impairment caused by uncorrected refractive errors in 2004","volume":"86","author":"Resnikoff","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2007.12.019","article-title":"Outdoor activity reduces the prevalence of myopia in children","volume":"115","author":"Rose","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.126.4.527","article-title":"Myopia, lifestyle, and schooling in students of Chinese ethnicity in Singapore and Sydney","volume":"126","author":"Rose","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2009.04.014","article-title":"Chick eyes compensate for chromatic simulations of hyperopic and myopic defocus: evidence that the eye uses longitudinal chromatic aberration to guide eye-growth","volume":"49","author":"Rucker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.3928\/0191-3913-20010501-08","article-title":"Near-work activity and myopia in rural and urban schoolchildren in China","volume":"38","author":"Saw","year":"2001","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Pediatr. Ophthalmol. Strabismus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.85.7.855","article-title":"Academic achievement, close up work parameters, and myopia in Singapore military conscripts","volume":"85","author":"Saw","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.120.5.620","article-title":"Near-work activity, night-lights, and myopia in the Singapore-China study","volume":"120","author":"Saw","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-0565","article-title":"Incidence and progression of myopia in Singaporean school children","volume":"46","author":"Saw","year":"2005","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-1081","article-title":"A\u00a0cohort study of incident myopia in Singaporean children","volume":"47","author":"Saw","year":"2006","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2006.00455.x","article-title":"School grades and myopia","volume":"27","author":"Saw","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4363","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8677","article-title":"The association between time spent outdoors and myopia using a novel biomarker of outdoor light exposure","volume":"53","author":"Sherwin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.04.020","article-title":"The association between time spent outdoors and myopia in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"119","author":"Sherwin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2637","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-3090","article-title":"Lens thickness changes among schoolchildren in Taiwan","volume":"50","author":"Shih","year":"2009","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8652","article-title":"Protective effects of high ambient lighting on the development of form-deprivation myopia in rhesus monkeys","volume":"53","author":"Smith","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2959","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-11713","article-title":"Negative-lens-induced myopia in infant monkeys","volume":"54","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.2.704","article-title":"Retinal dopamine and form-deprivation myopia","volume":"86","author":"Stone","year":"1989","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-200009000-00007","article-title":"Temporal variations in myopia progression in Singaporean children within an academic year","volume":"77","author":"Tan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2012.09.052","article-title":"Indoor versus outdoor time in preschoolers at child care","volume":"44","author":"Tandon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Prevent. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib83","first-page":"785","article-title":"Myopia and educational attainment in 421,116 young Singaporean males","volume":"21","author":"Tay","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann. Acad. Med. Singapore"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8056","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-5207","article-title":"Graded competing regional myopic and hyperopic defocus produces summated emmetropization set points in chick","volume":"52","author":"Tse","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5352","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-0383","article-title":"Simultaneous defocus integration during refractive development","volume":"48","author":"Tse","year":"2007","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.126.8.1111","article-title":"Prevalence of refractive error in the United States, 1999\u20132004","volume":"126","author":"Vitale","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2009.303","article-title":"Increased prevalence of myopia in the United States between 1971\u20131972 and 1999\u20132004","volume":"127","author":"Vitale","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(01)01024-7","article-title":"Prevalence and progression of myopic retinopathy in an older population","volume":"109","author":"Vongphanit","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0004.2010.01592.x","article-title":"Nature and nurture: the complex genetics of myopia and refractive error","volume":"79","author":"Wojciechowski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-200104000-00012","article-title":"Does education explain ethnic differences in myopia prevalence? A population-based study of young adult males in Singapore","volume":"78","author":"Wu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.3109\/09286586.2010.508347","article-title":"Effects of outdoor activities on myopia among rural school children in Taiwan","volume":"17","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.11.009","article-title":"Outdoor activity during class recess reduces myopia onset and progression in school children","volume":"120","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib93","first-page":"32","article-title":"Influence of near-work and outdoor activities on myopia progression in school children (in Chinese)","volume":"13","author":"Yi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-200006000-00010","article-title":"Refractive errors in Singapore and Xiamen, China\u2013a comparative study in school children aged 6 to 7 years","volume":"77","author":"Zhan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-2102","article-title":"Temporal properties of compensation for positive and negative spectacle lenses in chicks","volume":"50","author":"Zhu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2818","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.02-0606","article-title":"Potency of myopic defocus in spectacle lens compensation","volume":"44","author":"Zhu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."}],"container-title":["Experimental Eye Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014483513001061?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014483513001061?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]],"date-time":"2024-05-09T20:38:20Z","timestamp":1715287100000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0014483513001061"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]},"references-count":96,"alternative-id":["S0014483513001061"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018","relation":{},"ISSN":["0014-4835"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0014-4835","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Time outdoors and the prevention of myopia","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Experimental Eye Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}