{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:12:33Z","timestamp":1783987953826,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]],"date-time":"2020-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596240000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]],"date-time":"2020-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596240000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,19]],"date-time":"2020-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603065600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":79,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010328","name":"Stichting Lijf en Leven","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010328","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Eye Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,3]],"date-time":"2020-06-03T11:14:38Z","timestamp":1591182878000},"page":"108078","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Current insights in the pathogenesis of scleritis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"197","author":[{"given":"D.P.C.","family":"Vergouwen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Rothova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.C. Ten","family":"Berge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.M.","family":"Verdijk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.A.M.","family":"van Laar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.R.","family":"Vingerling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.W.J.","family":"Schreurs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Pattern of scleritis in an Egyptian cohort","author":"Abd El Latif","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000699","article-title":"Nodular posterior scleritis: clinico-sonographic characteristics and proposed diagnostic criteria","volume":"36","author":"Agrawal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-018-0902-6","article-title":"The impact of ocular manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis on the health-related quality of life and the functional ability of black Africans","volume":"39","author":"Akintayo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2003.06.006","article-title":"Evaluation of patients with scleritis for systemic disease","volume":"111","author":"Akpek","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib5","first-page":"1","article-title":"Clinical features, treatment, and visual outcomes of Japanese patients with posterior scleritis","author":"Ando","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1159\/000101931","article-title":"Posterior scleritis and its association with HLA B27 haplotype","volume":"221","author":"Anshu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1590\/S0482-50042007000300006","article-title":"Sclera-Specific and non-sclera-specific autoantibodies in the serum of patients with non-infectious anterior scleritis","volume":"47","author":"Aragaki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Reumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.101128","article-title":"Serum MMP-3 level as a biomarker for monitoring and predicting response to etanercept treatment in ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"38","author":"Arends","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(98)00119-6","article-title":"Indocyanine green angiographic features in posterior scleritis","volume":"126","author":"Auer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s13105-010-0022-x","article-title":"Etanercept reduces matrix metalloproteinase-9 level in children with polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis and TNF-alpha-308GG genotype","volume":"66","author":"Basic","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.2013.772982","article-title":"Pharmacotherapy of scleritis: current paradigms and future directions Review","volume":"14","author":"Beardsley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expet Opin. Pharmacother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib12","first-page":"195","article-title":"Posterior scleritis: clinical profile and imaging characteristics","volume":"46","author":"Biswas","year":"1998","journal-title":"Indian J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2017.1299869","article-title":"Anakinra in the treatment of patients with refractory scleritis: a pilot study","volume":"26","author":"Bottin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib14","first-page":"1756","article-title":"The complement system in sclera","volume":"29","author":"Brawman-Mintzer","year":"1988","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib15","first-page":"2240","article-title":"Distribution of complement in the sclera","volume":"30","author":"Brawman-Mintzer","year":"1989","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.2741\/1817","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinases: role in arthritis","volume":"11","author":"Burrage","year":"2006","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2015.12.032","article-title":"Rituximab in the treatment of refractory noninfectious scleritis","volume":"164","author":"Cao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/41.5.484","article-title":"Anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha therapy (etanercept) down-regulates serum matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3 and MMP-1 in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"41","author":"Catrina","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib19","article-title":"Immunopathogenic mechanisms and novel immune-modulated therapies in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib20","first-page":"5742673","article-title":"An OCT study of anterior nodular episcleritis and scleritis","volume":"2017","author":"Christakopoulos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Case Rep Ophthalmol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1042\/bj1930143","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of dermatan sulphate proteoglycans from bovine sclera","volume":"193","author":"Coster","year":"1981","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-011-8294-7","article-title":"Molecular mimicry as a mechanism of autoimmune disease","volume":"42","author":"Cusick","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.06.002","article-title":"Treatment and management of scleral disorders","volume":"61","author":"Daniel Diaz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2007.00592.x","article-title":"An immunohistochemical investigation of canine idiopathic granulomatous scleritis","volume":"11","author":"Day","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-015-0124-0","article-title":"Biologic therapy for refractory scleritis: a new treatment perspective","volume":"35","author":"de Fidelix","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(91)32062-1","article-title":"Necrotizing scleritis after ocular surgery: a clinicopathologic study","volume":"98","author":"De la Maza","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-27492011000600004","article-title":"Comparative study of ophthalmological and serological manifestations and the therapeutic response of patients with isolated scleritis and scleritis associated with systemic diseases","volume":"74","author":"de Sousa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arq. Bras. Oftalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-017-0695-z","article-title":"Updates in lupus genetics","volume":"19","author":"Deng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Rheumatol. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib29","first-page":"653","article-title":"Increased expression of matrix metalloproteinases in vivo in scleritis tissue and in vitro in cultured human scleral fibroblasts","volume":"150","author":"Di Girolamo","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-4141(199806)28:06<1773::AID-IMMU1773>3.0.CO;2-B","article-title":"Expression of matrix metalloproteinases by human plasma cells and B lymphocytes","volume":"28","author":"Di Girolamo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-199807000-00005","article-title":"Immunologic and clinical evaluation of postsurgical necrotizing sclerocorneal ulceration","volume":"17","author":"D\u00edaz-Valle","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.02.010","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinases participation in the metastatic process and their diagnostic and therapeutic applications in cancer","volume":"137","author":"Gonzalez-Avila","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-313X.2005.00548.x","article-title":"HLA and eye disease: a synopsis","volume":"32","author":"Goverdhan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Immunogenet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2007.11.003","article-title":"Canine episcleritis, nodular episclerokeratitis, scleritis, and necrotic scleritis","volume":"38","author":"Grahn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1136\/jclinpath-2018-205360","article-title":"Histopathological evaluation of scleritis Review","volume":"72","author":"Hankins","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(98)93038-X","article-title":"Ultrasound biomicroscopy in scleritis","volume":"105","author":"Heiligenhaus","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1979.01020020079019","article-title":"Experimental model for scleritis","volume":"97","author":"Hembry","year":"1979","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.126.5.651","article-title":"Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated active scleritis","volume":"126","author":"Hoang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.05.026","article-title":"Incidence of scleritis and episcleritis: results from the pacific ocular inflammation study","volume":"156","author":"Homayounfar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-018-4030-5","article-title":"Genetic polymorphism of rs9277535 in HLA-DP associated with rheumatoid arthritis and anti-CCP production in a Chinese population","volume":"37","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib41","first-page":"1223","article-title":"Ocular inflammation in autoimmune MRL\/Mp mice","volume":"26","author":"Jabs","year":"1985","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-6257(85)90059-1","article-title":"Immunology of multisystem ocular disease","volume":"30","author":"James","year":"1985","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s00251-019-01103-2","article-title":"Exploring the etiopathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus: a genetic perspective","volume":"71","author":"Javinani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunogenetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2019.03.033","article-title":"Genetic implications in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis; an updated review","volume":"702","author":"Karami","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e795","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13376","article-title":"IgG4-related disease as an emerging cause of scleritis","volume":"95","author":"Karim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e795","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13376","article-title":"IgG4-related disease as an emerging cause of scleritis","volume":"95","author":"Karim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol (Oxf)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0039.2006.00715.x","article-title":"Association of a common dog leucocyte antigen class II haplotype with canine primary immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia","volume":"68","author":"Kennedy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Tissue Antigens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2016.09.017","article-title":"Gevokizumab in the treatment of autoimmune non-necrotizing anterior scleritis: results of a phase I\/II clinical trial","volume":"172","author":"Knickelbein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2016-308561","article-title":"Morphological features in anterior scleral inflammation using swept-source optical coherence tomography with multiple B-scan averaging","volume":"101","author":"Kuroda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib50","first-page":"1","article-title":"Clinical features of scleritis across the asia-pacific region","author":"Lane","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2011.152074","article-title":"Interleukin 22 serum levels are associated with radiographic progression in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"70","author":"Leipe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2147\/OARRR.S142892","article-title":"Refractory relapsing polychondritis: challenges and solutions","volume":"10","author":"Lekpa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Access Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1080\/09273940802596500","article-title":"Recalcitrant granulomatous sclerouveitis in a patient with granulomatous ANCA-associated vasculitis","volume":"17","author":"Levy-Clarke","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.13298","article-title":"Identification of susceptibility SNPs in CTLA-4 and PTPN22 for scleritis in Han Chinese","volume":"197","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2007.09.024","article-title":"Immunologic markers as potential predictors of systemic autoimmune disease in patients with idiopathic scleritis","volume":"145","author":"Lin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(91)32280-2","article-title":"Immunopathology of scleritis","volume":"98","author":"Lye Pheng","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17238","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)44894-0","article-title":"Discoordinate expression of stromelysin, collagenase, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 in rheumatoid human synovial fibroblasts. Synergistic effects of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha on stromelysin expression","volume":"265","author":"MacNaul","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.04.006","article-title":"Autoimmune disease: conceptual history and contributions of ocular immunology","volume":"61","author":"Margo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1097\/RHU.0b013e3181bb971b","article-title":"Prevalence of antinuclear antibodies in 3 groups of healthy individuals: blood donors, hospital personnel, and relatives of patients with autoimmune diseases","volume":"15","author":"Marin","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.1985.tb00416.x","article-title":"Scleritis and the spectrum of external inflammatory eye disease","volume":"13","author":"McCluskey","year":"1985","journal-title":"AUST NEW ZEALAND J OPHTHALMOL"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e297","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030297","article-title":"A proposed classification of the immunological diseases","volume":"3","author":"McGonagle","year":"2006","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"issue":"Pt 5","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1988.104","article-title":"Patterns of blood flow in episcleral vessels studied by low-dose fluorescein videoangiography","volume":"2","author":"Meyer","year":"1988","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.1991.tb01804.x","article-title":"Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody in uveitis and scleritis","volume":"19","author":"Mills","year":"1991","journal-title":"AUST NEW ZEALAND J OPHTHALMOL"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib64","first-page":"177","article-title":"Posterior scleritis: ultrasound and clinical findings","volume":"28","author":"Munk","year":"1993","journal-title":"Can. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-009-0816-8","article-title":"Pathogenic antibody recognition of cartilage","volume":"339","author":"Nandakumar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(03)00487-1","article-title":"The value of combining anterior segment fluorescein angiography with indocyanine green angiography in scleral inflammation","volume":"110","author":"Nieuwenhuizen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2004.02428.x","article-title":"High expression of interleukin-1beta in the corneal epithelium of MRL\/lpr mice is under the control of their genetic background","volume":"136","author":"Okamoto","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2005.04.001","article-title":"Scleritis","volume":"50","author":"Okhravi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2017.115","article-title":"Synovial tissue research: a state-of-the-art review","volume":"13","author":"Orr","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.1992.tb01644.x","article-title":"Serum interleukin (IL-1\u03b2) in patients with diffuse scleritis","volume":"36","author":"Palexas","year":"1992","journal-title":"Scand. J. Immunol. Suppl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib71","first-page":"1","article-title":"Successful tocilizumab treatment for scleritis","author":"Poelman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2015-207601","article-title":"Genetic variants in ANCA-associated vasculitis: a meta-analysis","volume":"75","author":"Rahmattulla","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1542","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(85)33822-8","article-title":"Necrotizing scleritis. A clinico-pathologic study of 41 cases","volume":"92","author":"Rao","year":"1985","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2016.08.009","article-title":"Genetics and pathophysiology of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) and its main autoantigen proteinase 3","volume":"30","author":"Relle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Probes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(99)00719-8","article-title":"Scleritis: a clinicopathologic study of 55 cases","volume":"106","author":"Riono","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.012","article-title":"Molecular mimicry and autoimmunity","volume":"95","author":"Rojas","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4895050","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/4895050","article-title":"A tale of two joints: the role of matrix metalloproteases in cartilage biology","volume":"2016","author":"Rose","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dis. Markers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.3109\/s10165-008-0080-x","article-title":"The role of collagen antibodies in mediating arthritis","volume":"18","author":"Rowley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mod. Rheumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6396","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0904068","article-title":"Membrane-type I matrix metalloproteinase-dependent regulation of rheumatoid arthritis synoviocyte function","volume":"184","author":"Sabeh","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2015-306902","article-title":"Scleritis associated with relapsing polychondritis","volume":"100","author":"Sainz-De-La-Maza","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib81","first-page":"e395","article-title":"Interleukin-22 serum levels are elevated in active scleritis","volume":"94","author":"Sainz-de-la-Maza","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(95)30970-0","article-title":"Scleritis associated with systemic vasculitic diseases","volume":"102","author":"Sainz de la Maza","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.07.013","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of a large cohort of patients with scleritis and episcleritis","volume":"119","author":"Sainz de la Maza","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.07.043","article-title":"Scleritis therapy","volume":"119","author":"Sainz de la Maza","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003709","article-title":"Human sclera maintains common characteristics with cartilage throughout evolution","volume":"3","author":"Seko","year":"2008","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1159\/000090010","article-title":"Expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha and matrix metalloproteinase-9 in surgically induced necrotizing scleritis","volume":"38","author":"Seo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.52.6.453","article-title":"Necrogranulomatous scleritis. Effects on the sclera of vascular deprivation","volume":"52","author":"Sevel","year":"1968","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib88","first-page":"1","article-title":"Long-term efficacy and tolerability of TNF\u03b1 inhibitors in the treatment of non-infectious ocular inflammation: an 8-year prospective surveillance study","volume":"0","author":"Sharma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2015.03.004","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography in the diagnosis of scleritis and episcleritis","volume":"159","author":"Shoughy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0b013e32833ed177","article-title":"What are biomarkers?","volume":"5","author":"Strimbu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-018-0600-y","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and ocular complications of patients with scleritis in Japanese","volume":"62","author":"Tanaka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib92","first-page":"858","article-title":"Long-term ocular analysis in murine model of anterior scleritis","volume":"56","author":"Taniguchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13652","article-title":"Autoimmunity in uveitis","volume":"96","author":"ten Berge","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kew233","article-title":"Genotyping of relapsing polychondritis identified novel susceptibility HLA alleles and distinct genetic characteristics from other rheumatic diseases","volume":"55","author":"Terao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-013-9894-4","article-title":"Choroidal observations in posterior scleritis using high-penetration optical coherence tomography","volume":"34","author":"Uchihori","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2007.126425","article-title":"Immunopathology of necrotising scleritis","volume":"92","author":"Usui","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib97","first-page":"153","article-title":"Scleritis: challenges in immunopathogenesis and treatment","volume":"16","author":"Wakefield","year":"2013","journal-title":"Discov. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2013.02.004","article-title":"Scleritis: immunopathogenesis and molecular basis for therapy","volume":"35","author":"Wakefield","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2420761","article-title":"Dermatan sulphate proteoglycans from sclera examined by rotary shadowing and electron microscopy","volume":"242","author":"Ward","year":"1987","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2014.110","article-title":"The impact of new methods of investigation and treatment on the understanding of the pathology of scleral inflammation","volume":"28","author":"Watson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib101","series-title":"The Sclera and Systemic Disorders","author":"Peter","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.60.3.163","article-title":"Scleritis and episcleritis","volume":"60","author":"Watson","year":"1976","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.69.9.656","article-title":"Changes at the periphery of a lesion in necrotising scleritis: anterior segment fluorescein angiography correlated with electron microscopy","volume":"69","author":"Watson","year":"1985","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-4835(03)00212-4","article-title":"Scleral structure, organisation and disease. A review","volume":"78","author":"Watson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1002\/art.10697","article-title":"Adalimumab, a fully human anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha monoclonal antibody, for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in patients taking concomitant methotrexate: the ARMADA trial","volume":"48","author":"Weinblatt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.08.005","article-title":"Visual outcome, treatment results, and prognostic factors in patients with scleritis","volume":"120","author":"Wieringa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2016.1241282","article-title":"Clinical features and complications of scleritis in Chinese patients","volume":"26","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2017.1327602","article-title":"Rituximab induction and maintenance treatment in patients with scleritis and granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's)","volume":"26","author":"You","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.1988.tb01918.x","article-title":"Ultrastructural changes in scleral proteoglycans precede destruction of the collagen fibril matrix in necrotizing scleritis","volume":"12","author":"Young","year":"1988","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.68.11.770","article-title":"Microscopical studies of necrotising scleritis. I. Cellular aspects","volume":"68","author":"Young","year":"1984","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.68.11.781","article-title":"Microscopical studies of necrotising scleritis. II. Collagen degradation in the scleral stroma","volume":"68","author":"Young","year":"1984","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib112","first-page":"163","article-title":"Microarray analysis of gene expression in human donor sclera","volume":"10","author":"Young","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Vis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(94)90001-9","article-title":"Immunology of the eye and the joint","volume":"15","author":"Zierhut","year":"1994","journal-title":"Immunol. Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e384","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.12995","article-title":"High-resolution ultrasound biomicroscopy as an adjunctive diagnostic tool for anterior scleral inflammatory disease","volume":"94","author":"Zur","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."}],"container-title":["Experimental Eye Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014483520303377?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014483520303377?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T05:09:36Z","timestamp":1757999376000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0014483520303377"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"references-count":114,"alternative-id":["S0014483520303377"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078","relation":{},"ISSN":["0014-4835"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0014-4835","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Current insights in the pathogenesis of scleritis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Experimental Eye Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108078","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"108078"}}