{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T21:13:02Z","timestamp":1788556382021,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606780800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606780800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Eye Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,23]],"date-time":"2020-09-23T11:51:46Z","timestamp":1600861906000},"page":"108265","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Electrolyte composition of tears in normal dogs and its comparison to serum and plasma"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"201","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0153-4170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"LaTisha N.","family":"Knight","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7656-3235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gil","family":"Ben-Shlomo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108265_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ico.0000208817.40237.8c","article-title":"Effects of autologous serum eye drops on corneal wound healing after superficial keratectomy in rabbits","volume":"25","author":"Akyol-Salman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108265_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(76)90056-8","article-title":"Plasma cell content of main and accessory lacrimal glands and conjunctiva","volume":"82","author":"Allansmith","year":"1976","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108265_bib3","first-page":"1150","article-title":"Tear calcium and magnesium levels of normal subjects and patients with hypocalcemia or hypercalcemia","volume":"16","author":"Avisar","year":"1977","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108265_bib4","first-page":"1484","article-title":"Essential ions for maintenance of the corneal epithelial surface","volume":"26","author":"Bachman","year":"1985","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108265_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5509","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-23085","article-title":"Assessment of topical therapies for improving the optical clarity following stromal wounding in a novel ex vivo canine cornea model","volume":"59","author":"Berkowski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108265_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.81.1.47","article-title":"Development and assessment of a novel ex vivo corneal culture technique involving an agarose-based dome scaffold for use as a model of in vivo corneal wound healing in dogs and rabbits","volume":"81","author":"Berkowski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108265_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2005.082792","article-title":"Corneal calcification following intensified treatment with sodium hyaluronate artificial tears","volume":"90","author":"Bernauer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108265_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-005-0219-9","article-title":"Phosphate concentration in artificial tears","volume":"244","author":"Bernauer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108265_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-962834","article-title":"Phosphate concentrations in antiglaucoma medication","volume":"224","author":"Bernauer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Klinische Monatsblatter fur Augenheilkunde"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108265_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican1064-78","article-title":"Tears and the lacrimal gland","volume":"211","author":"Botelho","year":"1964","journal-title":"Sci. Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108265_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1973.225.3.606","article-title":"Electrolytes in lacrimal gland fluid and in tears at various flow rates in the rabbit","volume":"225","author":"Botelho","year":"1973","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108265_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ico.0000154040.80442.8b","article-title":"Acute corneal calcification following chemical injury","volume":"24","author":"Daly","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108265_bib13","series-title":"Advances in Organ Biology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S1569-2590(05)10002-0","article-title":"Tears and their secretion","author":"Dartt","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108265_bib14","first-page":"397","article-title":"Tear protein profiles vs. clinical characteristics of untreated and cyclosporine-treated canine KCS","volume":"66","author":"Fullard","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Am. Optom. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108265_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.3109\/02713688609029236","article-title":"Investigation of sloughed corneal epithelial cells collected by non-invasive irrigation of the corneal surface","volume":"5","author":"Fullard","year":"1986","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108265_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-199811000-00014","article-title":"The role of apoptosis in the pathogenesis of canine keratoconjunctivitis sicca: the effect of topical Cyclosporin A therapy","volume":"17","author":"Gao","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108265_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1097\/00004397-199403410-00005","article-title":"Human tear film electrolyte concentrations in health and dry-eye disease","volume":"34","author":"Gilbard","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int. Ophthalmol. Clin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108265_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-2417-5_89","article-title":"Changes in tear ion concentrations in dry-eye disorders","volume":"350","author":"Gilbard","year":"1994","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108265_bib19","first-page":"374","article-title":"Tear film osmolarity and ocular surface disease in two rabbit models for keratoconjunctivitis sicca","volume":"29","author":"Gilbard","year":"1988","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108265_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2012.01056.x","article-title":"A topical aqueous calcineurin inhibitor for the treatment of naturally occurring keratoconjunctivitis sicca in dogs","volume":"16","author":"Gilger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108265_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1159\/000267153","article-title":"Tear potassium contributes to maintenance of corneal thickness","volume":"24","author":"Green","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108265_bib22","first-page":"17","article-title":"Lacrimal sac calculi. Canadian journal of ophthalmology","volume":"14","author":"Herzig","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Can. Ophtalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108265_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-2417-5_99","article-title":"Characteristics of a canine model of KCS: effective treatment with topical cyclosporine","volume":"350","author":"Kaswan","year":"1994","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108265_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1989.01070020276038","article-title":"Spontaneous canine keratoconjunctivitis sicca: a useful model for human keratoconjunctivitis sicca: treatment with cyclosporine eye drops","volume":"107","author":"Kaswan","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108265_bib25","first-page":"487","article-title":"Beneficial effect of topical fibronectin in patients with keratoconjunctivitis sicca of Sjogren's syndrome","volume":"12","author":"Kono","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108265_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-0124(12)70081-2","article-title":"The definition and classification of dry eye disease: report of the definition and classification subcommittee of the international dry eye WorkShop (2007)","volume":"5","author":"Lemp","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108265_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3671","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-2689","article-title":"A link between tear instability and hyperosmolarity in dry eye","volume":"50","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108265_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/0007-1935(85)90147-2","article-title":"Electrolyte and protein levels in bovine tears","volume":"141","author":"Maidment","year":"1985","journal-title":"Br. Vet. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108265_bib29","first-page":"506","article-title":"Autologous eye drops for the treatment of dry eye and neurotrophic keratitis","volume":"11","author":"Mixon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Compd."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108265_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3174","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-5078","article-title":"The pharmacologic assessment of a novel lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 antagonist (SAR 1118) for the treatment of keratoconjunctivitis sicca in dogs","volume":"52","author":"Murphy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108265_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2003.026211","article-title":"Comparison of autologous serum eye drops with conventional therapy in a randomised controlled crossover trial for ocular surface disease","volume":"88","author":"Noble","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108265_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcyt.2013.06.009","article-title":"Safety and immunomodulatory effects of allogeneic canine adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells transplanted into the region of the lacrimal gland, the gland of the third eyelid and the knee joint","volume":"15","author":"Park","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108265_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2012.10.001","article-title":"Schirmer strip vs. capillary tube method: non-invasive methods of obtaining proteins from tear fluid","volume":"195","author":"Posa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annals of anatomy = Anatomischer Anzeiger : official organ of the Anatomische Gesellschaft"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108265_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2016.1262428","article-title":"Development and assessment of a novel canine ex vivo corneal model","volume":"42","author":"Proietto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108265_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-27492008000700010","article-title":"Autologous serum for ocular surface diseases","volume":"71","author":"Quinto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arq. Bras. Oftalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108265_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s10561-009-9128-1","article-title":"Serum eye drops, amniotic membrane and limbal epithelial stem cells-tools in the treatment of ocular surface disease","volume":"11","author":"Rauz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Bank."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108265_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1962.tb04141.x","article-title":"Dog tear secretion and tear proteins","volume":"3","author":"Roberts","year":"1962","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108265_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.117.10.1414","article-title":"Corneal stromal calcification after topical steroid-phosphate therapy","volume":"117","author":"Schlotzer-Schrehardt","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108265_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-004-1089-2","article-title":"Relationship of eye burns with calcifications of the cornea?","volume":"243","author":"Schrage","year":"2005","journal-title":"Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108265_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-0938.2011.00634.x","article-title":"Osmolality and tear film dynamics","volume":"95","author":"Stahl","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Optom. : journal of the Australian Optometrical Association"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108265_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4557","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-4596","article-title":"Tear osmolarity as a biomarker for dry eye disease severity","volume":"51","author":"Suzuki","year":"2010","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108265_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1954.178.1.160","article-title":"Excretion of urea, sodium, potassium and chloride in human tears","volume":"178","author":"Thaysen","year":"1954","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108265_bib43","first-page":"258","article-title":"Measurement of tear calcium levels","volume":"11","author":"Uotila","year":"1972","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108265_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-6257(81)90145-4","article-title":"Clinical biochemistry of tears","volume":"26","author":"Van Haeringen","year":"1981","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108265_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/527926","article-title":"Use of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells in keratoconjunctivitis sicca in a canine model","volume":"2015","author":"Villatoro","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Internatl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108265_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3280","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-9558","article-title":"Divalent cations in tears, and their influence on tear film stability in humans and rabbits","volume":"53","author":"Wei","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108265_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/460437","article-title":"A crosslinked HA-based hydrogel ameliorates dry eye symptoms in dogs","volume":"2013","author":"Williams","year":"2013","journal-title":"Internatl. J. Biomater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108265_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2012.04.014","article-title":"Differential contribution of hypertonic electrolytes to corneal epithelial dysfunction","volume":"100","author":"Woodward","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."}],"container-title":["Experimental Eye Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014483520305236?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014483520305236?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T05:05:44Z","timestamp":1757999144000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0014483520305236"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"references-count":48,"alternative-id":["S0014483520305236"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108265","relation":{},"ISSN":["0014-4835"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0014-4835","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Electrolyte composition of tears in normal dogs and its comparison to serum and plasma","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Experimental Eye Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108265","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"108265"}}