{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T01:49:22Z","timestamp":1792028962368,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Eye Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108351","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,16]],"date-time":"2020-11-16T11:12:30Z","timestamp":1605525150000},"page":"108351","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Salzmann's nodular degeneration"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"202","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6668-4041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3173-1792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Craig W.","family":"See","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108351_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2008.08.050","article-title":"A corneal dystrophy associated with transforming growth factor beta-induced Gly623Asp mutation an amyloidogenic phenotype","volume":"116","author":"Auw-Haedrich","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108351_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1016\/S0886-3350(02)01987-9","article-title":"Superficial keratectomy with mitomycin-C for the treatment of Salzmann's nodules","volume":"29","author":"Bowers","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Cataract Refract. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108351_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2004.12.037","article-title":"Long-term outcome of excimer laser phototherapeutic keratectomy for treatment of Salzmann's nodular degeneration","volume":"31","author":"Das","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Cataract Refract. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108351_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ico.0000153100.74033.ef","article-title":"Salzmann's nodular degeneration of the cornea: a review and case series","volume":"24","author":"Das","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108351_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e184","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2010.01887.x","article-title":"Epithelial marker expression in Salzmann nodular degeneration shows characteristics of limbal transient amplifying cells and alludes to an involvement of the epithelium in its pathogenesis","volume":"88","author":"Eberwein","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108351_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ico.0000167879.88815.6b","article-title":"Salzmann's nodular corneal degeneration clinical characteristics and surgical outcomes","volume":"25","author":"Farjo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108351_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.1992.tb02165.x","article-title":"Collagenolytic\/gelatinolytic enzymes in corneal wound healing","volume":"Supplement","author":"Fini","year":"1992","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108351_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1016\/S0886-3350(99)00363-6","article-title":"Phototherapeutic keratectomy for superficial corneal fibrosis after radial keratotomy","volume":"26","author":"Fong","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Cataract Refract. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108351_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0886-3350(96)80282-3","article-title":"Effect of peripheral subepithelial fibrosis on corneal transplant topography","volume":"22","author":"Geggel","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Cataract Refract. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108351_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e3181b7658d","article-title":"Salzmann nodular degeneration","volume":"29","author":"Graue-Hernandez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108351_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2018.06.026","article-title":"Prevalence of ocular surface dysfunction in patients presenting for cataract surgery evaluation","volume":"44","author":"Gupta","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cataract Refract. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108351_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2011.02.004","article-title":"Salzmann's nodular corneal degeneration (SNCD): clinical findings, risk factors, prognosis and the role of previous contact lens wear","volume":"34","author":"Hamada","year":"2011","journal-title":"Contact Lens Anterior Eye : J. Br. Contact Lens Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108351_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2018.07.002","article-title":"Superficial keratectomy for Salzmann nodular degeneration following laser in situ keratomileusis. Canadian journal of ophthalmology","volume":"54","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Can. Ophtalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108351_bib14","first-page":"S90","article-title":"Phototherapeutic keratectomy: strategies and results in 12 eyes","volume":"9","author":"Hersh","year":"1993","journal-title":"Refract. Corneal Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108351_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajoc.2020.100729","article-title":"Myopic regression and recurrent Salzmann nodule degeneration after laser in situ keratomileusis in Ehlers Danlos Syndrome","volume":"19","author":"Hopping","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol. Case Reports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108351_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2010.08.013","article-title":"In vivo morphologic characteristics of Salzmann nodular degeneration with ultra-high-resolution optical coherence tomography","volume":"151","author":"Hurmeric","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108351_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-0938.1999.tb06780.x","article-title":"Salzmann's nodular degeneration of the cornea","volume":"82","author":"Jaworski","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Optom."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108351_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1930.00810090024002","article-title":"SALZMANN'S nodular corneal dystrophy","volume":"4","author":"Katz","year":"1930","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108351_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-011-1643-7","article-title":"Superficial keratectomy, PTK, and mitomycin C as a combined treatment option for Salzmann's nodular degeneration: a follow-up of eight eyes","volume":"249","author":"Khaireddin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Graefe's Archive Clinic. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108351_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2010.198655","article-title":"Familial pattern of Salzmann-type nodular corneal degeneration - a four generation series. Reply to Papanikolaou et al","volume":"95","author":"Khan","year":"2011","journal-title":"British J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108351_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1442-9071.2002.00558.x","article-title":"Microstructural analysis of Salzmann's nodular degeneration by in vivo confocal microscopy","volume":"30","author":"Ku","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108351_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e3181814c90","article-title":"Salzmann nodules -- a possible new ocular manifestation of Crohn's disease: a case report","volume":"28","author":"Lange","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108351_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e31818c2e79","article-title":"Salzmann nodular degeneration after laser in situ keratomileusis","volume":"28","author":"Lim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108351_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2015.08.006","article-title":"Salzmann's nodular degeneration","volume":"14","author":"Maharana","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108351_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-199807000-00002","article-title":"Menopause and tear function: the influence of prolactin and sex hormones on human tear production","volume":"17","author":"Mathers","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108351_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-200105000-00017","article-title":"Clinical, surgical, and histopathologic characteristics of corneal keloid","volume":"20","author":"Mejia","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108351_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ico.0000214215.75496.a5","article-title":"Correlation between clinical in vivo confocal microscopic and ex vivo histopathologic findings of Salzmann nodular degeneration","volume":"25","author":"Meltendorf","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108351_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2005.03.071","article-title":"Salzmann's-like nodular degeneration following laser in situ keratomileusis","volume":"31","author":"Moshirfar","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Cataract Refract. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108351_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2009.177055","article-title":"Familial pattern of Salzmann-type nodular corneal degeneration--a four generation series","volume":"94","author":"Papanikolaou","year":"2010","journal-title":"British J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108351_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S166280","article-title":"Salzmann nodular degeneration: prevalence, impact, and management strategies","volume":"13","author":"Paranjpe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108351_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2016.07.019","article-title":"Association between poor wound healing and the formation of Salzmann nodules","volume":"42","author":"Qiu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cataract Refract. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108351_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0000000000000032","article-title":"Quality of vision after excimer laser phototherapeutic keratectomy with intraoperative mitomycin-C for Salzmann nodular degeneration","volume":"40","author":"Reddy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108351_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(81)90072-6","article-title":"A corneal pigmented line associated with Salzmann's nodular degeneration","volume":"91","author":"Reinach","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108351_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-009-1154-y","article-title":"One year outcome of manual alcohol-assisted removal of Salzmann's nodular degeneration","volume":"247","author":"Roszkowska","year":"2009","journal-title":"Graefe's Archive Clinic. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108351_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-012-9648-8","article-title":"Recurrence of Salzmann nodular degeneration of the cornea in a Crohn's disease patient","volume":"33","author":"Roszkowska","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108351_bib35","first-page":"92","article-title":"Uber eine Abart der knotchenformigen Hornhautdystrophie","volume":"57","author":"Salzmann","year":"1925","journal-title":"Z Augenheilkd"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108351_bib36","first-page":"101","article-title":"Recurrent Salzmann's corneal degeneration","volume":"228","author":"Severin","year":"1990","journal-title":"Graefe's Archive Clinic. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108351_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0b013e318243e813","article-title":"Comparison of automated lamellar keratoplasty and phototherapeutic keratectomy for Salzmann nodular degeneration","volume":"38","author":"Sharma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108351_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1993.76","article-title":"Ultrastructural study of a corneal keloid","volume":"7","author":"Shoukrey","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108351_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1034955","article-title":"[A familial anterior corneal degeneration: clinical aspects, histopathology and differential diagnosis]","volume":"213","author":"Singer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Klinische Monatsblatter fur Augenheilkunde"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108351_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2014-207776","article-title":"Salzmann nodular degeneration associated with epithelial ingrowth after LASIK treated with superficial keratectomy","author":"Stem","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108351_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e31815a50fb","article-title":"Histopathology of Salzmann nodular corneal degeneration","volume":"27","author":"Stone","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108351_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04217.x","article-title":"Androgen deficiency, Meibomian gland dysfunction, and evaporative dry eye","volume":"966","author":"Sullivan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108351_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-0124(12)70179-9","article-title":"Corneal keloid","volume":"6","author":"Vanathi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108351_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2008.09.033","article-title":"Bilateral Salzmann-like nodular corneal degeneration after laser in situ keratomileusis imaged with anterior segment optical coherence tomography and high-frequency ultrasound biomicroscopy","volume":"35","author":"VanderBeek","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cataract Refract. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108351_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(75)90074-4","article-title":"Salzmann's nodular degeneration of the cornea","volume":"79","author":"Vannas","year":"1975","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108351_bib46","first-page":"417","article-title":"Bowman's layer structure and function: critical or dispensable to corneal function?","volume":"19","author":"Wilson","year":"2000","journal-title":"A hypothesis. Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108351_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-199001000-00004","article-title":"Salzmann's nodular degeneration","volume":"9","author":"Wood","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108351_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1080\/01676830.2018.1505921","article-title":"Salzmann's nodular degeneration of cornea associated with thyroid eye disease","volume":"38","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Orbit"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108351_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-5155(03)00044-3","article-title":"Recurrent Salzmann's nodular degeneration","volume":"47","author":"Yoon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108351_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4780","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-0574","article-title":"Cytokeratin 15 can be used to identify the limbal phenotype in normal and diseased ocular surfaces","volume":"47","author":"Yoshida","year":"2006","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108351_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-199601000-00003","article-title":"Analysis of the efficacy and safety of excimer laser PTK in the treatment of corneal disease","volume":"15","author":"Zuckerman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cornea"}],"container-title":["Experimental Eye Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014483520306096?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014483520306096?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T05:09:12Z","timestamp":1757999352000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0014483520306096"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"references-count":52,"alternative-id":["S0014483520306096"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108351","relation":{},"ISSN":["0014-4835"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0014-4835","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Salzmann's nodular degeneration","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Experimental Eye Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108351","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"108351"}}