{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T20:51:25Z","timestamp":1792270285302,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004077","name":"Kocaeli \u00dcniversitesi","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018\/145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/145"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004077","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Eye Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108612","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]],"date-time":"2021-05-13T11:13:27Z","timestamp":1620904407000},"page":"108612","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Protective effects of citicoline-containing eye drops against UVB-Induced corneal oxidative damage in a rat model"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"208","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6260-6716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ecem Onder","family":"Tokuc","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nursen","family":"Yuksel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Selenay Furat","family":"Rencber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmet","family":"Ozturk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3830-2384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gokhan","family":"Duruksu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusufhan","family":"Yazir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R\u0131za Emre","family":"Ergun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108612_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0022-3042.2001.00697.x","article-title":"Citicoline: neuroprotective mechanisms in cerebral ischemia","volume":"80","author":"Adibhatla","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108612_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1111\/php.12612","article-title":"Reduced levels of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases in UVB-irradiated corneal epithelium","volume":"92","author":"Ardan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108612_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2008.07.021","article-title":"Upregulation of the NADPH oxidase NOX4 by TGF-beta in hepatocytes is required for its pro-apoptotic activity","volume":"49","author":"Carmona-Cuenca","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108612_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-18334-6","article-title":"Therapeutic effect of molecular hydrogen in corneal UVB-induced oxidative stress and corneal photodamage","volume":"7","author":"Cejka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108612_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-1281(11)80036-X","article-title":"The damaging effect of UV rays (with the wavelength shorter than 320 nm) on the rabbit anterior eye segment. I. Early changes and their prevention by catalase-aprotinin application","volume":"96","author":"Cejkov\u00e1","year":"1994","journal-title":"Acta Histochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108612_bib6","first-page":"1043","article-title":"Changes of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase in the corneal epithelium after UVB rays. Histochemical and biochemical study","volume":"15","author":"Cejkova","year":"2000","journal-title":"Histol. Histopathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108612_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-003-3206-5","article-title":"Diversity of structures and properties among catalases","volume":"61","author":"Chelikani","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108612_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6757","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10891","article-title":"Dietary \u03b1-lipoic acid prevents UVB-induced corneal and conjunctival degeneration through multiple effects","volume":"54","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108612_bib9","first-page":"153","article-title":"Epigallocatechin gallate eye drops protect against ultraviolet B-induced corneal oxidative damage in mice","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Vis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108612_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.22336\/rjo.2017.29","article-title":"Citicoline \u2013 a neuroprotector with proven effects on glaucomatous disease","volume":"61","author":"Chitu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rom. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108612_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.154.3.8810624","article-title":"Increased exhalation of hydrogen peroxide in patients with stable and unstable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"154","author":"Dekhuijzen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108612_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2016.08.011","article-title":"Effect of bone marrow and adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells on the natural course of corneal scarring after penetrating injury","volume":"151","author":"Demirayak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108612_bib13","first-page":"989","article-title":"Protective effects of citicoline on TNBS-induced experimental colitis in rats","volume":"7","author":"Ek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108612_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/187071","article-title":"Pre-conditioning with CDP-choline attenuates oxidative stress-induced cardiac myocyte death in a hypoxia\/reperfusion model","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Pacheco","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108612_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2005.07.006","article-title":"Superoxide dismutases and their impact upon human health","volume":"26","author":"Johnson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Aspect. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108612_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)50785-2","article-title":"In eugene P. Kennedy","volume":"222","author":"Kennedy","year":"1956","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108612_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000000330","article-title":"Evaluation of internationally shipped prestripped donor tissue for descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty by vital dye staining","volume":"34","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108612_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3908(02)00032-1","article-title":"CDP-choline reduces pro-caspase and cleaved caspase-3 expression, nuclear DNA fragmentation, and specific PARP-cleaved products of caspase activation following middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat","volume":"42","author":"Krupinski","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108612_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6167","article-title":"Hydrogen and N-acetyl-L-cysteine rescue oxidative stress-induced angiogenesis in a mouse corneal alkali-burn model","volume":"52","author":"Kubota","year":"2011","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108612_bib20","first-page":"455","article-title":"Amelioration of ultraviolet-induced photokeratitis in mice treated with astaxanthin eye drops","volume":"18","author":"Lennikov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Vis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108612_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2175","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms14012175","article-title":"Induction of heat shock protein 70 ameliorates ultraviolet-induced photokeratitis in mice","volume":"14","author":"Lennikov","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108612_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2009.09.026","article-title":"Oxidative stress and glutathione in TGF-beta- mediated fibrogenesis","volume":"48","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Free Radical Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108612_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20122853","article-title":"Current trends and future perspective of mesenchymal stem cells and exosomes in corneal diseases","volume":"20","author":"Mansoor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108612_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9150(99)00454-2","article-title":"Dilinoleoylphosphatidylcholine protects human low density lipoproteins against oxidation","volume":"152","author":"Navder","year":"2000","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108612_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-015-3044-9","article-title":"Treatment with citicoline eye drops enhances retinal function and neural conduction along the visual pathways in open angle glaucoma","volume":"253","author":"Parisi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108612_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-014-1299-x","article-title":"Citicoline protects brain against closed head injury in rats through suppressing oxidative stress and calpain over-activation","volume":"39","author":"Qian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108612_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.154.4.8887607","article-title":"Systemic oxidative stress in asthma, COPD, and smokers","volume":"154","author":"Rahman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108612_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/annotation\/814c14d4-eee6-44e2-bea8-cac11a0bae8f","article-title":"Aberrant DNA methylation of matrix remodeling and cell adhesion related genes in pterygium","volume":"6","author":"Riau","year":"2011","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108612_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28401","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms161226099","article-title":"Cytidine 51-diphosphocholine (Citicoline) in glaucoma: rationale of its use, current evidence and future perspectives","volume":"16","author":"Roberti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108612_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.133484","article-title":"A preliminary study of the neuroprotective role of citicoline eye drops in glaucomatous optic neuropathy","volume":"62","author":"Roberti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108612_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e3181705ca2","article-title":"An easy and inexpensive method for quantitative analysis of endothelial damage by using vital dye staining and adobe photoshop software","volume":"27","author":"Saad","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108612_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117545","article-title":"Infliximab prevents dysfunction of the vas deferens by suppressing inflammation and oxidative stress in rats with chronic stress","volume":"250","author":"\u015eahin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108612_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0b013e32834787bb","article-title":"MMP-9 and the perioperative management of LASIK surgery","volume":"22","author":"Sambursky","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108612_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2008.09.003","article-title":"The inhibition of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) pathway enhances TGF-\u03b2-induced apoptosis in rat hepatoma cells through inducing oxidative stress coincident with a change in the expression pattern of the NADPH oxidases (NOX) isoforms","volume":"1793","author":"Sancho","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108612_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1159\/000267187","article-title":"Biochemical and morphological changes in rat lenses after long-term UV B irradiation","volume":"24","author":"Schmidt","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108612_bib36","first-page":"1","article-title":"CDP-choline: pharmacological and clinical review","volume":"17","author":"Secades","year":"1995","journal-title":"Methods Find. Exp. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108612_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(99)00177-X","article-title":"Glutathione and its role in cellular functions","volume":"27","author":"Sies","year":"1999","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108612_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e31816f7068","article-title":"Protective effect of ascorbic acid against corneal damage by ultraviolet B irradiation: a pilot study","volume":"27","author":"Suh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108612_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2980","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.02-1043","article-title":"Cytoprotective effects of rebamipide and carteolol hydrochloride against ultraviolet B-induced corneal damage in mice","volume":"44","author":"Tanito","year":"2003","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108612_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2015.11.003","article-title":"Involvement of the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways in ultraviolet B-induced apoptosis of corneal epithelial cells","volume":"145","author":"Ubels","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108612_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015-019-09892-5","article-title":"Effects of VEGF + mesenchymal stem cells and platelet-rich plasma on inbred rat ovarian functions in cyclophosphamide-induced premature ovarian insufficiency model","volume":"15","author":"Vural","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rev. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108612_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.25179","article-title":"Cytidine-5\u2019-Diphosphocholine protects the liver from ischemia\/reperfusion injury preserving mitochondrial function and reducing oxidative stress","volume":"24","author":"Zazueta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Liver Transplant."}],"container-title":["Experimental Eye Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014483521001780?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014483521001780?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T05:11:00Z","timestamp":1757999460000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0014483521001780"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"references-count":42,"alternative-id":["S0014483521001780"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108612","relation":{},"ISSN":["0014-4835"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0014-4835","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Protective effects of citicoline-containing eye drops against UVB-Induced corneal oxidative damage in a rat model","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Experimental Eye Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108612","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"108612"}}