{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T22:28:34Z","timestamp":1791325714378,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000305","name":"National Eye Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SAC037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SAC037"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000305","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000833","name":"Rosetrees Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["M160"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M160"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000833","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000833","name":"Rosetrees Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["M160-F1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M160-F1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000833","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000833","name":"Rosetrees Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["M160-F2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M160-F2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000833","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000723","name":"Tenovus","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["S20-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S20-02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000723","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Eye Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,19]],"date-time":"2021-05-19T21:39:32Z","timestamp":1621460372000},"page":"108625","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Effect of a TSPO ligand on retinal pigment epithelial cholesterol homeostasis in high-fat fed mice, implication for age-related macular degeneration"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"208","author":[{"given":"Lincoln","family":"Biswas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khalid Subhi","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinzhi","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhihong","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Craft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinhua","family":"Shu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwr005","article-title":"Abdominal obesity and age-related macular degeneration","volume":"173","author":"Adams","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Eepidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.05.003","article-title":"Gut microbiota regulation of tryptophan metabolism in health and disease","volume":"23","author":"Agus","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-018-0066-7","article-title":"'Statins in retinal disease","volume":"32","author":"Al-Janabi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2015.02.005","article-title":"Biosynthetic manipulation of tryptophan in bacteria: pathways and mechanisms","volume":"22","author":"Alkhalaf","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201606531","article-title":"Gut microbiota influences pathological angiogenesis in obesity\u2010driven choroidal neovascularization","volume":"8","author":"Andriessen","year":"2016","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2014","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.239450","article-title":"Taurine protects against retinal and optic nerve damage induced by endothelin-1 in rats via antioxidant effects","volume":"13","author":"Arfuzir","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neural Reg. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-11636","article-title":"Effects of simvastatin on retinal structure and function of a high-fat atherogenic mouse model of thickened Bruch's membrane","volume":"55","author":"Barathi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700184","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201700184","article-title":"Microbiota, metabolome, and immune alterations in obese mice fed a high\u2010fat diet containing type 2 resistant starch","volume":"61","author":"Barouei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.130.1.571-574.1977","article-title":"Choline metabolism in pneumococci","volume":"130","author":"Bean","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-014-0189-7","article-title":"Intestinal permeability\u2013a new target for disease prevention and therapy","volume":"14","author":"Bischoff","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3740","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19123740","article-title":"TSPO ligands promote cholesterol efflux and suppress oxidative stress and inflammation in choroidal endothelial cells","volume":"19","author":"Biswas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4327","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddx319","article-title":"Retinal pigment epithelium cholesterol efflux mediated by the 18 kDa translocator protein, TSPO, a potential target for treating age-related macular degeneration","volume":"26","author":"Biswas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.2337\/db07-1403","article-title":"Changes in gut microbiota control metabolic endotoxemia-induced inflammation in high-fat diet\u2013induced obesity and diabetes in mice","volume":"57","author":"Cani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.3RI0615-239R","article-title":"Parainflammation, chronic inflammation, and age\u2010related macular degeneration","volume":"98","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.20168","article-title":"The gut microbiota and its relationship to diet and obesity: new insights","volume":"3","author":"Clarke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gut Microb."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2004.10.047","article-title":"Risk factors for the incidence of advanced age-related macular degeneration in the Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) AREDS report no. 19","volume":"112","author":"Clemons","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-018-0472-x","article-title":"Gestational diabetes is associated with change in the gut microbiota composition in third trimester of pregnancy and postpartum","volume":"6","author":"Crusell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2011.10.016","article-title":"Lipoic acid attenuates high-fat-diet\u2013induced oxidative stress and B-cell\u2013related immune depression","volume":"28","author":"Cui","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2011-300344","article-title":"The oil spill in ageing Bruch membrane","volume":"95","author":"Curcio","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2415-11-22","article-title":"Cholesterol-enriched diet causes age-related macular degeneration-like pathology in rabbit retina","volume":"11","author":"Dasari","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4547(20000501)60:3<328::AID-JNR7>3.0.CO;2-5","article-title":"Photoreceptor phagocytosis selectively activates PPAR\u03b3 expression in retinal pigment epithelial cells","volume":"60","author":"Ershov","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.02.037","article-title":"Signaling in host-associated microbial communities","volume":"164","author":"Fischbach","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3448","article-title":"A large genome-wide association study of age-related macular degeneration highlights contributions of rare and common variants","volume":"48","author":"Fritsche","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0042017","article-title":"Taurine provides neuroprotection against retinal ganglion cell degeneration","volume":"7","author":"Froger","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2014.03.001","article-title":"Taurine: the comeback of a neutraceutical in the prevention of retinal degenerations","volume":"41","author":"Froger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1159\/000447252","article-title":"Increased intestinal permeability and decreased barrier function: does it really influence the risk of inflammation?","volume":"1","author":"Fukui","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inflamm. Intest. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2019.165541","article-title":"Type 1 diabetes induces cognitive dysfunction in rats associated with alterations of the gut microbiome and metabolomes in serum and hippocampus","volume":"1865","author":"Gao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA) - Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2015.04.039","article-title":"The genetics of age-related macular degeneration (AMD)\u2013Novel targets for designing treatment options?","volume":"95","author":"Grassmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-004-1568-8","article-title":"Bacterial lipases: an overview of production, purification and biochemical properties","volume":"64","author":"Gupta","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e500","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2011.02347.x","article-title":"Prevalence of age\u2010related macular degeneration in persons aged 90 years and older in Cologne","volume":"90","author":"Hermann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11071613","article-title":"Gut microbiome: profound implications for diet and disease","volume":"11","author":"Hills","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2020.114151","article-title":"Etifoxine reverses weight gain and alters the colonic bacterial community in a mouse model of obesity","volume":"180","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-016-1492-2","article-title":"Microbiome and metabolic disease: revisiting the bacterial phylum Bacteroidetes","volume":"95","author":"Johnson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.08.044","article-title":"Prevalence of age-related macular degeneration in old persons: age, Gene\/environment Susceptibility Reykjavik Study","volume":"118","author":"Jonasson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01835","article-title":"The human gut microbiome\u2013a potential controller of wellness and disease","volume":"9","author":"Kho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbial."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2010.92","article-title":"The prevalence of age-related macular degeneration and associated risk factors","volume":"128","author":"Klein","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-019-0637-2","article-title":"Sequence and cultivation study of Muribaculaceae reveals novel species, host preference, and functional potential of this yet undescribed family","volume":"7","author":"Lagkouvardos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.2676","article-title":"Predictive functional profiling of microbial communities using 16S rRNA marker gene sequences","volume":"31","author":"Langille","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1038\/4441022a","article-title":"Human gut microbes associated with obesity","volume":"444","author":"Ley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.07.008","article-title":"Inflammation and the intestinal barrier: leukocyte\u2013epithelial cell interactions, cell junction remodeling, and mucosal repair","volume":"151","author":"Luissint","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11900","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0503015102","article-title":"Apolipoprotein E allele-dependent pathogenesis: a model for age-related retinal degeneration","volume":"102","author":"Malek","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1995.01100060069034","article-title":"Dietary fat and age-related maculopathy","volume":"113","author":"Mares-Perlman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2018.04.003","article-title":"The brain-gut-microbiome axis","volume":"6","author":"Martin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-020-00353-w","article-title":"The athletic gut microbiota","volume":"17","author":"Mohr","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10656-5","article-title":"Establishing microbial composition measurement standards with reference frames","volume":"10","author":"Morton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-020-01483-2","article-title":"Renin-angiotensin system impairs macrophage lipid metabolism to promote age-related macular degeneration in mouse models","volume":"3","author":"Nagai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9031","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.103164","article-title":"Role of Citicoline in an in vitro AMD model","volume":"12","author":"Nashine","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.07.001","article-title":"Impaired aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligand production by the gut microbiota is a key factor in metabolic syndrome","volume":"28","author":"Natividad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Metabol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2014.07.027","article-title":"Serotonin, tryptophan metabolism and the brain-gut-microbiome axis","volume":"277","author":"O'Mahony","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2109","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200211150-00023","article-title":"Citicoline has a protective effect on damaged retinal ganglion cells in mouse culture retina","volume":"13","author":"Oshitari","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2018.1481517","article-title":"Esculetin protects human retinal pigment epithelial cells from lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation and cell death","volume":"43","author":"Ozal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2012.06.003","article-title":"Animal models of age related macular degeneration","volume":"33","author":"Pennesi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Aspect. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2014.03.002","article-title":"Cholesterol in the retina: the best is yet to come","volume":"41","author":"Pikuleva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-012-4323-6","article-title":"Alterations of the gut microbiota in high-fat diet mice is strongly linked to oxidative stress","volume":"97","author":"Qiao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.125.3.855-863.1976","article-title":"Partial purification and characterization of cytidine 5'-diphosphate-diglyceride hydrolase from membranes of Escherichia coli","volume":"125","author":"Raetz","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10111677","article-title":"The role of diet, micronutrients and the gut microbiota in age-related macular degeneration: new perspectives from the gut\u2013retina axis","volume":"10","author":"Rinninella","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00823","article-title":"Free fatty acids profiles are related to gut microbiota signatures and short-chain fatty acids","volume":"8","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Carrio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E4472","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1702302114","article-title":"Involvement of a gut\u2013retina axis in protection against dietary glycemia-induced age-related macular degeneration","volume":"114","author":"Rowan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib62","first-page":"452","article-title":"Gut microbiota modify risk for dietary glycemia-induced age-related macular degeneration","volume":"9","author":"Rowan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut Microb."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-017-1445-8","article-title":"Gut microbiota functions: metabolism of nutrients and other food components","volume":"57","author":"Rowland","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1369\/jhc.2009.953448","article-title":"Esterified cholesterol is highly localized to Bruch's membrane, as revealed by lipid histochemistry in whole mounts of human choroid","volume":"57","author":"Rudolf","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Histochem. Cytochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-019-09512-0","article-title":"Dietary lipids, gut microbiota and lipid metabolism","volume":"20","author":"Schoeler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800569","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201800569","article-title":"Taurine: a regulator of cellular redox homeostasis and skeletal muscle function","volume":"63","author":"Seidel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humic.2018.01.001","article-title":"Gut microbiota diversity according to dietary habits and geographical provenance","volume":"7","author":"Senghor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Microbiome J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2011-301012","article-title":"Metabolic adaptation to a high-fat diet is associated with a change in the gut microbiota","volume":"61","author":"Serino","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2169","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.03.059","article-title":"Obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance","volume":"132","author":"Shoelson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2017.09.008","article-title":"Regulated efflux of photoreceptor outer segment-derived cholesterol by human Rpe cells","volume":"165","author":"Storti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4848","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2009.04.045","article-title":"Effect of NH4+ and glycerol on cytidine 5\u2032-diphosphocholine synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae","volume":"100","author":"Tang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2689","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S194169","article-title":"Systemic taurine treatment provides neuroprotection against retinal photoreceptor degeneration and visual function impairments","volume":"13","author":"Tao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Des. Dev. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2018.11.020","article-title":"Endogenous insulin signaling in the RPE contributes to the maintenance of rod photoreceptor function in diabetes","volume":"180","author":"Tarchick","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib75","article-title":"Glutathione trisulfide prevents lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory gene expression in retinal pigment epithelial cells","volume":"1\u201311","author":"Tawarayama","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2019.01.004","article-title":"Anaerotruncus massiliensis sp. nov., a succinate-producing bacterium isolated from human stool from an obese patient after bariatric surgery","volume":"29","author":"Togo","year":"2019","journal-title":"New Microbes New Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E3040","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1424391112","article-title":"Regulation of age-related maculardegeneration-like pathology by complement factor H","volume":"112","author":"Toomey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2017.09.001","article-title":"Complement factor H in AMD: bridging genetic associations and pathobiology","volume":"62","author":"Toomey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib79","first-page":"e33","article-title":"Intraretinal lipid transport is dependent on high density lipoprotein-like particles and class B scavenger receptors","volume":"12","author":"Tserentsoodol","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Vis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-017-0524-1","article-title":"Lutein and zeaxanthin isomers modulates lipid metabolism and the inflammatory state of retina in obesity-induced high-fat diet rodent model","volume":"17","author":"Tuzcu","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8040573","article-title":"The controversial role of human gut Lachnospiraceae","volume":"8","author":"Vacca","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2002-3-7-research0034","article-title":"Accurate normalization of real-time quantitative RT-PCR data by geometric averaging of multiple internal control genes","volume":"3","author":"Vandesompele","year":"2002","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v11.i8.619","article-title":"Prolonged high-fat-diet feeding promotes non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and alters gut microbiota in mice","volume":"11","author":"Vel\u00e1zquez","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib85","article-title":"Abundant lipid and protein components of drusen","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2008.02.002","article-title":"Lipoic acid prevents high-fat diet\u2013induced dyslipidemia and oxidative stress: a microarray analysis","volume":"24","author":"Yang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.13928","article-title":"History of gestational diabetes mellitus and postpartum maternal retinal microvascular structure and function","volume":"36","author":"Yee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib89","first-page":"1","article-title":"Dysregulated metabolic pathways in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625_bib90","first-page":"1","article-title":"Association of the intestinal microbiome with the development of neovascular age-related macular degeneration","volume":"7","author":"Zinkernagel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci.cRep."}],"container-title":["Experimental Eye Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014483521001913?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014483521001913?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T20:08:54Z","timestamp":1777406934000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0014483521001913"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"references-count":84,"alternative-id":["S0014483521001913"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625","relation":{},"ISSN":["0014-4835"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0014-4835","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Effect of a TSPO ligand on retinal pigment epithelial cholesterol homeostasis in high-fat fed mice, implication for age-related macular degeneration","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Experimental Eye Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108625","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"108625"}}