{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T11:36:09Z","timestamp":1793878569949,"version":"4.7.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638230400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Eye Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108857","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]],"date-time":"2021-11-29T10:03:38Z","timestamp":1638180218000},"page":"108857","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Effects of fluoroquinolones and tetracyclines on mitochondria of human retinal MIO-M1 cells"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"214","author":[{"given":"Nasim","family":"Salimiaghdam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lata","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1874-6041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marilyn","family":"Chwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shari R.","family":"Atilano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angele","family":"Nalbandian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. Astrid","family":"Limb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Cristina","family":"Kenney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1429","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108857_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2002.1193","article-title":"On the origin of mitochondria: a genomics perspective","volume":"358","author":"Andersson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108857_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2545","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-020-01901-8","article-title":"Assessing and validating housekeeping genes in normal, cancerous, and polycystic human ovaries","volume":"37","author":"Asiabi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Assist. Reprod. Genet."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108857_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4046","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00678-12","article-title":"Adverse effects of antimicrobials via predictable or idiosyncratic inhibition of host mitochondrial components","volume":"56","author":"Barnhill","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108857_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.08.002","article-title":"GSH depletion, mitochondrial membrane breakdown, caspase-3\/7 activation and DNA fragmentation in U87MG glioblastoma cells: new insight into the mechanism of cytotoxicity induced by fluoroquinolones","volume":"835","author":"Beberok","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"1596","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108857_bib5","first-page":"1943","article-title":"Origin of mitochondria by intracellular enslavement of a photosynthetic purple bacterium","volume":"273","author":"Cavalier-Smith","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Biol. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108857_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4363","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-61381-9","article-title":"Mitochondria as target to inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis of cancer cells: the effects of doxycycline and gemcitabine","volume":"10","author":"Dijk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108857_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.2131\/jts.42.267","article-title":"Joint toxicity of fluoroquinolone and tetracycline antibiotics to zebrafish (Danio rerio) based on biochemical biomarkers and histopathological observation","volume":"42","author":"Ding","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108857_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00729-05","article-title":"Influence on mitochondria and cytotoxicity of different antibiotics administered in high concentrations on primary human osteoblasts and cell lines","volume":"51","author":"Duewelhenke","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108857_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.383","article-title":"Oral fluoroquinolones and the risk of retinal detachment","volume":"307","author":"Etminan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Jama"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108857_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2006.11.011","article-title":"Arrhythmias associated with fluoroquinolone therapy","volume":"29","author":"Falagas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108857_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1080\/10915810290169909","article-title":"Phototoxicity to the retina: mechanisms of damage","volume":"21","author":"Glickman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Toxicol."},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108857_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9625","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky793","article-title":"Ciprofloxacin impairs mitochondrial DNA replication initiation through inhibition of Topoisomerase 2","volume":"46","author":"Hangas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108857_bib13","first-page":"2738","article-title":"The human M\u00fcller cell line MIO-M1 expresses opsins","volume":"17","author":"Hollborn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Vis."},{"issue":"Suppl. ment_1","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108857_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S9","DOI":"10.1086\/319370","article-title":"Mechanisms of action of antimicrobials: focus on fluoroquinolones","volume":"32","author":"Hooper","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108857_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2395","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.29422","article-title":"Donation of mitochondria by iPSC-derived mesenchymal stem cells protects retinal ganglion cells against mitochondrial complex I defect-induced degeneration","volume":"9","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"issue":"192","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108857_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192ra85","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3006055","article-title":"Bactericidal antibiotics induce mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative damage in Mammalian cells","volume":"5","author":"Kalghatgi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"issue":"192","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108857_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3006055","article-title":"Bactericidal antibiotics induce mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative damage in mammalian cells","volume":"5","author":"Kalghatgi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108857_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2011.09.030","article-title":"Measuring reactive oxygen and nitrogen species with fluorescent probes: challenges and limitations","volume":"52","author":"Kalyanaraman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108857_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1716","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-0788","article-title":"A rare but serious side effect of levofloxacin: hypoglycemia in a geriatric patient","volume":"29","author":"Kanbay","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108857_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4289","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-4778","article-title":"Characterization of retinal and blood mitochondrial DNA from age-related macular degeneration patients","volume":"51","author":"Kenney","year":"2010","journal-title":"Invest. ophthal. visual sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108857_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.06.049","article-title":"A common mechanism of cellular death induced by bactericidal antibiotics","volume":"130","author":"Kohanski","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108857_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2008.05.002","article-title":"Expression of functional dopaminergic phenotype in purified cultured M\u00fcller cells from vertebrate retina","volume":"53","author":"Kubrusly","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108857_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-895X(25)09546-X","article-title":"Delayed cytotoxicity and cleavage of mitochondrial DNA in ciprofloxacin-treated mammalian cells","volume":"50","author":"Lawrence","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108857_bib24","first-page":"864","article-title":"In vitro characterization of a spontaneously immortalized human M\u00fcller cell line (MIO-M1)","volume":"43","author":"Limb","year":"2002","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"issue":"27","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108857_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8173","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1509743112","article-title":"Antibiotic efficacy is linked to bacterial cellular respiration","volume":"112","author":"Lobritz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108857_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10030711","article-title":"Cell surface profiling of retinal m\u00fcller glial cells reveals association to immune pathways after LPS stimulation","volume":"10","author":"Lorenz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108857_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(02)01334-X","article-title":"Fourth generation fluoroquinolones: new weapons in the arsenal of ophthalmic antibiotics","volume":"133","author":"Mather","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108857_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3132","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867325666180214122944","article-title":"Current trends and future directions of fluoroquinolones","volume":"26","author":"Mohammed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108857_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-017-0175-y","article-title":"Microglia-derived IL-1\u03b2 promotes chemokine expression by M\u00fcller cells and RPE in focal retinal degeneration","volume":"12","author":"Natoli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108857_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-017-0175-y","article-title":"Microglia-derived IL-1\u03b2 promotes chemokine expression by M\u00fcller cells and RPE in focal retinal degeneration","volume":"12","author":"Natoli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108857_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.2144\/000113610","article-title":"Mitochondrial membrane potential probes and the proton gradient: a practical usage guide","volume":"50","author":"Perry","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biotechniques"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108857_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119593522.ch5","article-title":"Tetracyclines: mode of action and their bacterial mechanisms of resistance","author":"Roberts","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bacterial Resistance to ABacteri. Resis. Antibio. From Mol. Manntibiotics\u2013From Molecules to Man"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108857_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-6257(85)90150-X","article-title":"Tetracyclines in ophthalmology","volume":"29","author":"Salamon","year":"1985","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108857_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000458","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjophth-2020-000458","article-title":"Potential adverse effects of ciprofloxacin and tetracycline on ARPE-19 cell lines","volume":"5","author":"Salimiaghdam","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open Ophthalmol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108857_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.2007.01427.x","article-title":"Ciprofloxacin\u2010induced toxic optic neuropathy","volume":"35","author":"Samarakoon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108857_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2004.02108.x","article-title":"Tetracycline and other tetracycline\u2010derivative staining of the teeth and oral cavity","volume":"43","author":"S\u00e1nchez","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108857_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2015.4092","article-title":"Oral fluoroquinolones and the risk of uveitis","volume":"134","author":"Sandhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA ophthalmol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108857_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.10.004","article-title":"Tetracyclines: nonantibiotic properties and their clinical implications","volume":"54","author":"Sapadin","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108857_bib39","first-page":"18","article-title":"To compare the in vitro activity of 3 popular fluoroquinolones against common respiratory and middle ear pathogens","volume":"21","author":"Sarkar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bengal J. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108857_bib40","first-page":"587","article-title":"Fluoroquinolone antibacterials: a review on chemistry, microbiology and therapeutic prospects","volume":"66","author":"Sharma","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Pol. Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108857_bib41","series-title":"StatPearls [Internet]","article-title":"Tetracycline","author":"Shutter","year":"2019"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108857_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2199-7-33","article-title":"Selection of housekeeping genes for gene expression studies in human reticulocytes using real-time PCR","volume":"7","author":"Silver","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108857_bib43","series-title":"Mayo Clinic Proceedings","article-title":"Tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, clindamycin, and metronidazole","author":"Smilack","year":"1991"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108857_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200161060-00004","volume":"61","author":"Smith","year":"2001","journal-title":"Fluoroquinolones. Drugs"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108857_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1991.01080120121040","article-title":"Intraocular safety of ciprofloxacin","volume":"109","author":"Stevens","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108857_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.2007.01552.x","article-title":"Ocular toxicity of fluoroquinolones","volume":"35","author":"Thompson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108857_bib47","first-page":"106486","article-title":"Retinal pigment epithelium and m\u00fcller progenitor cell interaction increase m\u00fcller progenitor cell expression of PDGFR\u03b1 and ability to induce proliferative vitreoretinopathy in a rabbit model","volume":"2012","author":"Velez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stem Cell. Int."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108857_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.40.2.491","article-title":"Detection of mutations in parC in quinolone-resistant clinical isolates of Escherichia coli","volume":"40","author":"Vila","year":"1996","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108857_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02035128","article-title":"Possible direct role of reactive oxygens in the cause of cutaneous phototoxicity induced by five quinolones in mice","volume":"66","author":"Wagai","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108857_bib50","first-page":"1594","article-title":"The ocular hypotensive effects of demeclocycline, tetracycline and other tetracycline derivatives","volume":"30","author":"Wallace","year":"1989","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthal. Visual Sci."}],"container-title":["Experimental Eye Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014483521004231?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014483521004231?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T05:14:47Z","timestamp":1757999687000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0014483521004231"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"references-count":50,"alternative-id":["S0014483521004231"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108857","relation":{},"ISSN":["0014-4835"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0014-4835","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Effects of fluoroquinolones and tetracyclines on mitochondria of human retinal MIO-M1 cells","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Experimental Eye Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108857","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"108857"}}