{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T15:17:55Z","timestamp":1777475875410,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]],"date-time":"2023-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674172800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":325,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2R01EY021834"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2R01EY021834"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30EY14801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30EY14801"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001818","name":"Research to Prevent Blindness","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001818","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006686","name":"University of Miami","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006686","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016850","name":"Beauty of Sight Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016850","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005809","name":"Hyderabad Eye Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Eye Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108932","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,15]],"date-time":"2022-01-15T10:40:55Z","timestamp":1642243255000},"page":"108932","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Biometry of the human cornea and globe: An evaluation by age, gender and population"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"216","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6108-8163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert C.","family":"Augusteyn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashik","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108932_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3380","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-0292","article-title":"Eye shape in emmetropia and myopia","volume":"45","author":"Atchison","year":"2004","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"issue":"29","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108932_bib2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Age-related changes in optical and biometric characteristics of emmetropic eyes","volume":"8","author":"Atchison","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Vis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108932_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2698","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-1506","article-title":"Shape of the retinal surface in emmetropia and myopia","volume":"46","author":"Atchison","year":"2005","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108932_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2010.01.013","article-title":"On the growth and internal structure of the human lens","volume":"90","author":"Augusteyn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108932_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2011.05.009","article-title":"Age-dependence of the optomechanical responses of ex vivo human lenses from India and the USA, and the force required to produce these in a lens stretcher: the similarity to in vivo disaccommodation","volume":"51","author":"Augusteyn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108932_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2012.06.009","article-title":"Human ocular biometry","volume":"102","author":"Augusteyn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108932_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11030542","article-title":"Relationship between axial length and corneo-scleral topography: a preliminary study","volume":"11","author":"Bataille","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108932_bib9","first-page":"503645","article-title":"Variations in eyeball diameters of the healthy adults","author":"Bekerman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108932_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12583","article-title":"Size does matter: what is the corneo-limbal diameter?","volume":"100","author":"Bergmanson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Optom."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108932_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0211186","article-title":"Axial length and its associations in a Russian population: the ural eye and medical study","volume":"14","author":"Bikbov","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108932_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1475-1313.2003.00159.x","article-title":"Is eye size related to orbit size in human subjects?","volume":"24","author":"Chau","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108932_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.3341\/kjo.2001.15.1.22","article-title":"Predictability for proper capsular tension ring size and intraocular lens size","volume":"15","author":"Dong","year":"2001","journal-title":"Kor. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108932_bib14","series-title":"System of Ophthalmology","article-title":"The cornea","volume":"vol. 2","author":"Duke-Elder","year":"1961"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108932_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2009.07.028","article-title":"Distribution of axial length and ocular biometry measured using partial coherence laser interferometry (IOL Master) in an older white population","volume":"117","author":"Fotedar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108932_bib16","first-page":"309","article-title":"White-to-white corneal diameter: normal values in healthy Iranian population obtained with the Orbscan II","volume":"7","author":"Gharaee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108932_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joco.2015.09.001","article-title":"White-to-white corneal diameter distribution in an adult population","volume":"27","author":"Hashemi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Curr. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108932_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optom.2012.02.001","article-title":"Age, gender, corneal diameter, corneal curvature and central corneal thickness in Nigerians with normal intraocular pressure [Edad, sexo, di\u00e1metro corneal, curvatura corneal y espesor corneal central en nigerianos con presi\u00f3n intraocular normal]","volume":"5","author":"Iyamu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Opt."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108932_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.12821","article-title":"Corneal diameter and associated parameters in Chinese children: the Shandong children eye study","volume":"45","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108932_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2008.521","article-title":"Association of age, stature, and education with ocular dimensions in an older white population","volume":"127","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108932_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/2863698","article-title":"Comparison of ocular biometry profiles in urban and rural cataract candidates in Eastern China","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108932_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3260","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-1376","article-title":"Optomechanical response of human and monkey lenses in a lens stretcher","volume":"48","author":"Manns","year":"2007","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108932_bib23","first-page":"185","article-title":"A review of corneal diameter, curvature and thickness values and influencing factors","volume":"72","author":"Mashige","year":"2013","journal-title":"Afr. Vision. Eye. Health."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108932_bib24","first-page":"a362","article-title":"Axial length, anterior chamber depth and lens thickness: their intercorrelations in black South Africans","volume":"76","author":"Mashige","year":"2017","journal-title":"Afr. Vision. Eye. Health."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108932_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1159\/000317072","article-title":"Axial length of myopia: a review of current research","volume":"225","author":"Meng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108932_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108653","article-title":"Relationship of the cornea and globe dimensions to the changes in adult human crystalline lens diameter, thickness and power with age","volume":"209","author":"Mohamed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108932_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2013.07.007","article-title":"The precision of ophthalmic biometry using calipers","volume":"48","author":"Mohamed","year":"2013","journal-title":"Can. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108932_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2009.11.040","article-title":"Ocular axial length and its associations in an adult population of central rural India: the Central India Eye and Medical Study","volume":"117","author":"Nangia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108932_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_1353_18","article-title":"Ocular biometry characteristics and corneal astigmatisms in cataract surgery candidates at a tertiary care center in North-East India","volume":"67","author":"Natung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108932_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0180851","article-title":"Axial length changes in highly myopic eyes and influence of myopic macular complications in Japanese adults","volume":"12","author":"Ohsugi","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108932_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e793","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000003133","article-title":"Evaluation of eyeball and orbit in relation to gender and age","volume":"27","author":"\u00d6zer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108932_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2386","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.8.002386","article-title":"Three-dimensional MRI study of the relationship between eye dimensions, retinal shape and myopia","volume":"8","author":"Pope","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt Express"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108932_bib33","article-title":"Analysis of biometric parameters of 2340 eyes measured with optical biometer Lenstar LS900 in a Caucasian population","author":"Popov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108932_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12728","article-title":"Age-related axial length changes in adults: a review","volume":"40","author":"Rozema","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108932_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ico.0000148312.01805.53","article-title":"White-to-white corneal diameter: normal values in healthy humans obtained with the Orbscan II topography system","volume":"24","author":"R\u00fcfer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108932_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4450","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-0435","article-title":"Refractive error, ocular biometry, and lens opalescence in an adult population: the Los Angeles Latino Eye Study","volume":"46","author":"Shufelt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108932_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.3341\/kjo.2007.21.3.163","article-title":"Relations between age, weight, refractive error and eye shape by computerized tomography in children","volume":"21","author":"Song","year":"2007","journal-title":"Kor. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108932_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-160X-10-32","article-title":"Quantitative relations between the eyeball, the optic nerve, and the optic canal important for intracranial pressure monitoring","volume":"17","author":"Vaiman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Head Face Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108932_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029692","article-title":"Scleral thickness in human eyes","volume":"7","author":"Vurgese","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108932_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7949","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-7684","article-title":"Longitudinal changes of axial length and height are associated and concomitant in children","volume":"52","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108932_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2008.144477","article-title":"Ocular biometry and determinants of refractive error in rural Myanmar: the Meiktila Eye Study","volume":"92","author":"Warrier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108932_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.1.7","article-title":"Evaluation of the white-to-white distance in 39,986 Chinese cataractous eyes","volume":"62","author":"Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108932_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.17576\/MH.2020.1502.09","article-title":"Evaluation of the relationship between corneal diameter and lens diameter in children","volume":"15","author":"Wong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108932_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.86.9.963","article-title":"Education, socioeconomic status, and ocular dimensions in Chinese adults: the Tanjong Pagar Survey","volume":"86","author":"Wong","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108932_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-018-4192-5","article-title":"Differences of body height, axial length, and refractive error at different ages in Kumejima study","volume":"257","author":"Yamashita","year":"2019","journal-title":"Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108932_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1097\/01.OPX.0000145028.53923.67","article-title":"Normal eye growth in emmetropic schoolchildren","volume":"81","author":"Zadnik","year":"2004","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."}],"container-title":["Experimental Eye Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014483522000136?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014483522000136?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T13:54:26Z","timestamp":1777384466000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0014483522000136"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"references-count":45,"alternative-id":["S0014483522000136"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108932","relation":{},"ISSN":["0014-4835"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0014-4835","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Biometry of the human cornea and globe: An evaluation by age, gender and population","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Experimental Eye Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108932","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"108932"}}