{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T22:17:58Z","timestamp":1790979478222,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011852","name":"Paracelsus Medizinische Privatuniversitat","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011852","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Eye Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T19:45:44Z","timestamp":1643744744000},"page":"108964","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Parasympathetic innervation of emmetropization"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"217","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6280-3878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frances","family":"Rucker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Kaser-Eichberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Falk","family":"Schroedl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-0840","article-title":"Contrast-processing deficits in melanoma-associated retinopathy","volume":"45","author":"Alexander","year":"2004","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4510","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-0188","article-title":"Contrast sensitivity deficits in inferred magnocellular and parvocellular pathways in retinitis pigmentosa","volume":"45","author":"Alexander","year":"2004","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(00)00286-8","article-title":"Contrast discrimination deficits in retinitis pigmentosa are greater for stimuli that favor the magnocellular pathway","volume":"41","author":"Alexander","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vision Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.2307\/1129450","article-title":"The development of visual accommodation during early infancy","volume":"51","author":"Banks","year":"1980","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib5","first-page":"891","article-title":"The effect of atropine on myopia","volume":"3","author":"Bedrossian","year":"1971","journal-title":"Ann. Ophthalmol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-016-0002-7","article-title":"Nitric oxide (NO) mediates the inhibition of form-deprivation myopia by atropine in chicks","volume":"6","author":"Carr","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.07.031","article-title":"Atropine for the treatment of childhood myopia: safety and efficacy of 0.5%, 0.1%, and 0.01% doses (Atropine for the Treatment of Myopia 2)","volume":"119","author":"Chia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.09.020","article-title":"Atropine for the treatment of childhood myopia: changes after stopping atropine 0.01%, 0.1% and 0.5%","volume":"157","author":"Chia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib9","article-title":"Five-Year clinical trial on atropine for the treatment of myopia 2: myopia control with atropine 0.01% eyedrops","author":"Chia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.1997.13.61","article-title":"The effectiveness of 0.5% atropine in controlling high myopia in children","volume":"13","author":"Chou","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Ocul. Pharmacol. Therapeut."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.02-0124","article-title":"Ocular growth and refractive error development in premature infants without retinopathy of prematurity","volume":"44","author":"Cook","year":"2003","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(89)90117-X","article-title":"Experimental myopia in cats reared in stroboscopic illumination","volume":"29","author":"Cremieux","year":"1989","journal-title":"Vision Res."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(97)85022-5","article-title":"The development of accommodation","volume":"37","author":"Currie","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vision Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19970929)386:3<422::AID-CNE7>3.0.CO;2-3","article-title":"Innervation of orbital and choroidal blood vessels by the pterygopalatine ganglion in pigeons","volume":"386","author":"Cuthbertson","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(95)00179-4","article-title":"Distribution within the choroid of cholinergic nerve fibers from the ciliary ganglion in pigeons","volume":"36","author":"Cuthbertson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Vision Res."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01186358","article-title":"Neuronal ultrastructure and somatostatin immunolocalization in the ciliary ganglion of chicken and quail","volume":"22","author":"De Stefano","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Neurocytol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib17","first-page":"2159","article-title":"Distribution of lens sodium-potassium-adenosine triphosphatase","volume":"34","author":"Delamere","year":"1993","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1984.sp015499","article-title":"Chromatic mechanisms in lateral geniculate nucleus of macaque","volume":"357","author":"Derrington","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12079","article-title":"The effect of various levels of stroboscopic illumination on the growth of Guinea pig eyes","volume":"97","author":"Di","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Optom."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2006.09.019","article-title":"Effects of intravitreally and intraperitoneally injected atropine on two types of experimental myopia in chicken","volume":"84","author":"Diether","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2008.150979","article-title":"Outdoor activity and myopia in Singapore teenage children","volume":"93","author":"Dirani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-006-0380-7","article-title":"Topical atropine in retarding myopic progression and axial length growth in children with moderate to severe myopia: a pilot study","volume":"51","author":"Fan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Ophthalmol."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8004","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-12476","article-title":"Progressive myopia or hyperopia can be induced in chicks and reversed by manipulation of the chromaticity of ambient light","volume":"54","author":"Foulds","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1167\/jov.21.5.11","article-title":"How chromatic cues can guide human eye growth to achieve good focus","volume":"21","author":"Gawne","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Vis."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001283","article-title":"Juvenile tree shrews do not maintain emmetropia in narrow-band blue light","volume":"95","author":"Gawne","year":"2018","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib26","first-page":"191","article-title":"The pterygopalatine ganglion of hen","volume":"43","author":"Gienc","year":"1984","journal-title":"Folia Morphol (Warsz)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2016.03.001","article-title":"Opposing effects of atropine and timolol on the color and luminance emmetropization mechanisms in chicks","volume":"122","author":"Goldberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vision Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib28","first-page":"1297","article-title":"Retinal activity modulates eye growth: evidence from rearing in stroboscopic illumination","volume":"13","author":"Gottlieb","year":"1987","journal-title":"Soc. Neurosci. Abstr."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2856","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-9091","article-title":"Time outdoors and physical activity as predictors of incident myopia in childhood: a prospective cohort study","volume":"53","author":"Guggenheim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2006.02.065","article-title":"What image properties regulate eye growth?","volume":"16","author":"Hess","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib31","article-title":"The impact of myopia and high myopia","author":"Holden","year":"2015","journal-title":"Report of the Joint World Health Organization - Brien Holden Vision Institute Global Scientific Meeting on Myopia"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(03)00253-0","article-title":"A mechanistic inter-species comparison of flicker sensitivity","volume":"43","author":"Jarvis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vision Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(01)00268-1","article-title":"Measuring and modelling the photopic flicker sensitivity of the chicken (Gallus g. domesticus)","volume":"42","author":"Jarvis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vision Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2013.10.020","article-title":"Interactions of chromatic and lens-induced defocus during visual control of eye growth in Guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus)","volume":"94","author":"Jiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vision Res."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7169","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8336","article-title":"Time outdoors, visual activity, and myopia progression in juvenile-onset myopes","volume":"53","author":"Jones-Jordan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3524","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-1118","article-title":"Parental history of myopia, sports and outdoor activities, and future myopia","volume":"48","author":"Jones","year":"2007","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"issue":"3 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib37","first-page":"281","article-title":"Reducing the progression of myopia with atropine: a long term cohort study of Olmsted County students","volume":"15","author":"Kennedy","year":"2000","journal-title":"Binocul. Vis. Strabismus Q."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(82)90077-3","article-title":"Cardinal directions of color space","volume":"22","author":"Krauskopf","year":"1982","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00207362","article-title":"The eye of the blue acara (Aequidens pulcher, Cichlidae) grows to compensate for defocus due to chromatic aberration","volume":"179","author":"Kr\u00f6ger","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol. [A]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2019.08.006","article-title":"Sensitivity to chromatic and luminance contrast and its neuronal substrates","volume":"30","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Behav. Sci."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2223","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.7.002223","article-title":"Luminance and chromatic modulation sensitivity of macaque ganglion cells and human observers","volume":"7","author":"Lee","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am. A"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2006.22.41","article-title":"Prevention of myopia progression with 0.05% atropine solution","volume":"22","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Ocul. Pharmacol. Therapeut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108541","article-title":"Role of the superior salivatory nucleus in parasympathetic control of choroidal blood flow and in maintenance of retinal health","volume":"206","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib43","series-title":"Abstracts of the 16th International Myopia Conference","article-title":"The effect of blue light on axial length changes induced by monocular optical defocus","author":"Li","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2019.11.002","article-title":"Effect of duration, and temporal modulation, of monochromatic light on emmetropization in chicks","volume":"166","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vision Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.3109\/02713689609000756","article-title":"The ciliary ganglion and vitreous cavity shape","volume":"15","author":"Lin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6337","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-85825-y","article-title":"Time spent outdoors in childhood is associated with reduced risk of myopia as an adult","volume":"11","author":"Lingham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-12276","article-title":"The effects of monochromatic illumination on early eye development in rhesus monkeys","volume":"55","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2011.03.003","article-title":"Effects of different monochromatic lights on refractive development and eye growth in Guinea pigs","volume":"92","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711525","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.711525","article-title":"Long-term narrowband lighting influences activity but not intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell-driven pupil responses","volume":"12","author":"Lou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.02-0796","article-title":"Variable effects of previously untested muscarinic receptor antagonists on experimental myopia","volume":"44","author":"Luft","year":"2003","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2005.09.015","article-title":"Choroidal innervation in primate eyes","volume":"82","author":"Lutjen-Drecoll","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib52","first-page":"205","article-title":"Atropine reduces experimental myopia and eye enlargement via a nonaccommodative mechanism","volume":"34","author":"McBrien","year":"1993","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2015.tb00603.x","article-title":"Autonomic control of the eye","volume":"5","author":"McDougal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3074","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-1040","article-title":"Axial growth and changes in lenticular and corneal power during emmetropization in infants","volume":"46","author":"Mutti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7586","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-87201-2","article-title":"Ocular growth and metabolomics are dependent upon the spectral content of ambient white light","volume":"11","author":"Najjar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2010.10.004","article-title":"Autonomic control of the eye and the iris","volume":"165","author":"Neuhuber","year":"2011","journal-title":"Auton. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2012.07.002","article-title":"Parasympathetic influences on emmetropization in chicks: evidence for different mechanisms in form deprivation vs negative lens-induced myopia","volume":"102","author":"Nickla","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2016.03.003","article-title":"Brief light exposure at night disrupts the circadian rhythms in eye growth and choroidal thickness in chicks","volume":"146","author":"Nickla","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12054","article-title":"Effects of muscarinic agents on chick choroids in intact eyes and eyecups: evidence for a muscarinic mechanism in choroidal thinning","volume":"33","author":"Nickla","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108525","article-title":"Tree shrews do not maintain emmetropia in initially-focused narrow-band cyan light","author":"Norton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3180335c52","article-title":"Refractive errors of medical students in Turkey: one year follow-up of refraction and biometry","volume":"84","author":"Onal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"issue":"Pt 21","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2951","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.202.21.2951","article-title":"Colour vision of domestic chicks","volume":"202","author":"Osorio","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib62","first-page":"2794","article-title":"Myopia and myopic progression among schoolchildren: a three-year follow-up study","volume":"34","author":"Parssinen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-vision-121219-081824","article-title":"Fifty years exploring the visual system","volume":"6","author":"Pokorny","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Vis. Sci."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0000000000001005","article-title":"Prediction accuracy of the dynamic structure-function model for glaucoma progression using contrast sensitivity perimetry and confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy","volume":"27","author":"Ramezani","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Glaucoma"},{"issue":"25","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198506203122505","article-title":"An animal model of myopia","volume":"312","author":"Raviola","year":"1985","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2017.12.001","article-title":"Neural control of choroidal blood flow","volume":"64","author":"Reiner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(83)90068-1","article-title":"Parasympathetic ocular control: functional subdivisions and circuitry of the avian nucleus of Edinger-Westphal","volume":"6","author":"Reiner","year":"1983","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(95)00370-6","article-title":"Stimulation of dopaminergic amacrine cells by stroboscopic illumination or fibroblast growth factor (bFGF, FGF-2) injections: possible roles in prevention of form-deprivation myopia in the chick","volume":"686","author":"Rohrer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2007.12.019","article-title":"Outdoor activity reduces the prevalence of myopia in children","volume":"115","author":"Rose","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.126.4.527","article-title":"Myopia, lifestyle, and schooling in students of Chinese ethnicity in Singapore and Sydney","volume":"126","author":"Rose","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1167\/18.7.10","article-title":"Perspective: can eye movements contribute to emmetropization?","volume":"18","author":"Rucci","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vis."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6121","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-17238","article-title":"Blue light protects against temporal frequency sensitive refractive changes","volume":"56","author":"Rucker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6003","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25322","article-title":"Color and temporal frequency sensitive eye growth in chick","volume":"59","author":"Rucker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2017.07.003","article-title":"The role of temporal contrast and blue light in emmetropization","volume":"151","author":"Rucker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vision Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1167\/12.6.23","article-title":"Chicks use changes in luminance and chromatic contrast as indicators of the sign of defocus","volume":"12","author":"Rucker","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Vis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib76","first-page":"3931","article-title":"Inter-ocular interactions in lens compensation: yoking and anti-yoking","volume":"50","author":"Rucker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Investigat. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108126","article-title":"Signals for defocus arise from longitudinal chromatic aberration in chick","volume":"198","author":"Rucker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1980","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2008.06.003","article-title":"Cone signals for spectacle-lens compensation: differential responses to short and long wavelengths","volume":"48","author":"Rucker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vision Res."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2009.04.014","article-title":"Chick eyes compensate for chromatic simulations of hyperopic and myopic defocus: evidence that the eye uses longitudinal chromatic aberration to guide eye-growth","volume":"49","author":"Rucker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vision Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12312","article-title":"Animal models in myopia research","volume":"98","author":"Schaeffel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Optom."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib81","series-title":"Visual and Retinal Control of Eye Growth and Refraction. PhD","author":"Schmid","year":"1994"},{"issue":"6\u20137","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2005.08.017","article-title":"The effect of manipulations to target contrast on emmetropization in chick","volume":"46","author":"Schmid","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vision Res."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(95)00191-3","article-title":"Effects on the compensatory responses to positive and negative lenses of intermittent lens wear and ciliary nerve section in chicks","volume":"36","author":"Schmid","year":"1996","journal-title":"Vision Res."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(97)00014-X","article-title":"Contrast and spatial-frequency requirements for emmetropization in chicks","volume":"37","author":"Schmid","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vision Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-200402000-00012","article-title":"Inhibitory effects of apomorphine and atropine and their combination on myopia in chicks","volume":"81","author":"Schmid","year":"2004","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3225","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-1279","article-title":"The autonomic facial nerve pathway in birds: a tracing study in chickens","volume":"47","author":"Schrodl","year":"2006","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3225","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-1279","article-title":"The autonomic facial nerve pathway in birds: a tracing study in chickens","volume":"47","author":"Schr\u00f6dl","year":"2006","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3705","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-0232","article-title":"Intrinsic choroidal neurons in the human eye: projections, targets, and basic electrophysiological data","volume":"44","author":"Schrodl","year":"2003","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523800171184","article-title":"Effects of atropine on refractive development, dopamine release, and slow retinal potentials in the chick","volume":"17","author":"Schwahn","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vis. Neurosci."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2661","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(97)00114-4","article-title":"Flicker parameters are different for suppression of myopia and hyperopia","volume":"37","author":"Schwahn","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vision Res."},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2409","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(02)00262-6","article-title":"Effects of longitudinal chromatic aberration on accommodation and emmetropization","volume":"42","author":"Seidemann","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vision Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ps.41.020190.003223","article-title":"Visual sensitivity and parallel retinocortical channels","volume":"41","author":"Shapley","year":"1990","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.1999.15.85","article-title":"Effects of different concentrations of atropine on controlling myopia in myopic children","volume":"15","author":"Shih","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Ocul. Pharmacol. Therapeut."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib94","first-page":"3691","article-title":"The effects of choroidal or ciliary nerve transection on myopic eye growth induced by goggles","volume":"35","author":"Shih","year":"1994","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4835(91)90027-C","article-title":"Muscarinic antagonist effects on experimental chick myopia","volume":"52","author":"Stone","year":"1991","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.2.13","article-title":"Short-wavelength (Violet) light protects mice from myopia through cone signaling","volume":"61","author":"Strickland","year":"2020","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-010-0723-9","article-title":"Intrinsic choroidal neurons in the chicken eye: chemical coding and synaptic input","volume":"134","author":"Stubinger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Histochem. Cell Biol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000395","article-title":"Contrast sensitivity perimetry and clinical measures of glaucomatous damage","volume":"91","author":"Swanson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4622","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-24113","article-title":"Sensitivity to S-cone stimuli and the development of myopia","volume":"59","author":"Taylor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib100","series-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"Team","year":"2016"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2009.10.006","article-title":"Individual set-point and gain of emmetropization in chickens","volume":"50","author":"Tepelus","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vision Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2173","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25228","article-title":"Wavelength defocus and temporal sensitivity affect refractive development in Guinea pigs","volume":"60","author":"Tian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.12.007","article-title":"Violet light exposure can Be a preventive strategy against myopia progression","volume":"15","author":"Torii","year":"2017","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib104","article-title":"Impact of short-term exposure to short-, middle- and long-wavelength of light and optical defocus on axial elongation in humans","author":"Verkicharla","year":"2021","journal-title":"ARVO"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib105","first-page":"108331","article-title":"Temporal color contrast guides emmetropization in chick","author":"Watts","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1076\/ceyr.27.6.371.18188","article-title":"Neural pathways subserving negative lens-induced emmetropization in chicks--insights from selective lesions of the optic nerve and ciliary nerve","volume":"27","author":"Wildsoet","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"issue":"30","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E7091","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1721443115","article-title":"Scleral hypoxia is a target for myopia control","volume":"115","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.3109\/09286586.2010.508347","article-title":"Effects of outdoor activities on myopia among rural school children in Taiwan","volume":"17","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2011.0027","article-title":"The long-term results of using low-concentration atropine eye drops for controlling myopia progression in schoolchildren","volume":"27","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Ocul. Pharmacol. Therapeut."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib110","first-page":"5524","article-title":"Blue light reduces eye growth at high temporal frequencies but only at high contrast","volume":"57","author":"Yanase","year":"2016","journal-title":"IOVS (Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108602","article-title":"Spectral composition of artificial illuminants and their effect on eye growth in chicks","volume":"207","author":"Yoon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-196508000-00001","article-title":"The effect of atropine on the development of myopia in monkeys","volume":"42","author":"Young","year":"1965","journal-title":"Am. J. Optom. Arch. Am. Acad. Optom."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1159\/000323179","article-title":"Effects of flickering light on refraction and changes in eye axial length of C57BL\/6 mice","volume":"46","author":"Yu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib114","article-title":"Indoor and outdoor eye movements in myopia","volume":"56","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Investigat. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8064","article-title":"The effect of temporal and spatial stimuli on the refractive status of Guinea pigs following natural emmetropization","volume":"54","author":"Zhi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40662-020-00224-0","article-title":"Choroidal blood perfusion as a potential \"rapid predictive index\" for myopia development and progression","volume":"8","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eye Vis. (Lond)"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.15.30","article-title":"Decreased choroidal blood perfusion induces myopia in Guinea pigs","volume":"62","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.13.25","article-title":"Increased choroidal blood perfusion can inhibit form deprivation myopia in Guinea pigs","volume":"61","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."}],"container-title":["Experimental Eye Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014483522000458?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014483522000458?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T05:18:48Z","timestamp":1757999928000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0014483522000458"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"references-count":120,"alternative-id":["S0014483522000458"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964","relation":{},"ISSN":["0014-4835"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0014-4835","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Parasympathetic innervation of emmetropization","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Experimental Eye Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108964","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"108964"}}