{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T17:50:48Z","timestamp":1786989048207,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]],"date-time":"2022-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651363200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]],"date-time":"2022-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651363200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,10]],"date-time":"2022-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644451200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009872","name":"Neuroscience Institute, University of Tennessee","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009872","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"U.S. Department of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W81XWH-16-1-0076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-16-1-0076"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Eye Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,7]],"date-time":"2022-02-07T01:51:09Z","timestamp":1644198669000},"page":"108966","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Raloxifene, a cannabinoid type-2 receptor inverse agonist, mitigates visual deficits and pathology and modulates microglia after ocular blast"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"218","author":[{"given":"Marcia G.","family":"Honig","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nobel A.","family":"Del Mar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Desmond L.","family":"Henderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dylan","family":"O'Neal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meghna","family":"Yammanur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Cox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunyan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron M.","family":"Perry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bob M.","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2146-5232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anton","family":"Reiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12670","article-title":"Visual problems associated with traumatic brain injury","volume":"101","author":"Armstrong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Optom."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.2174\/157015907780866884","article-title":"The cannabinoid CB2 receptor as a target for inflammation-dependent neurodegeneration","volume":"5","author":"Ashton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M084442","article-title":"Disrupted cholesterol metabolism promotes age-related photoreceptor neurodegeneration","volume":"59","author":"Ban","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2008.06149.x","article-title":"Two types of melanopsin retinal ganglion cell differentially innervate the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus and the olivary pretectal nucleus","volume":"27","author":"Baver","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1738","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1525528113","article-title":"New tools for studying microglia in the mouse and human CNS","volume":"113","author":"Bennett","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00719","article-title":"Progression and pathology of traumatic optic neuropathy from repeated primary blast exposure","volume":"13","author":"Bernardo-Col\u00f3n","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4853","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-14353","article-title":"Molecular changes and vision loss in a mouse model of closed-globe blast trauma","volume":"55","author":"Bricker-Anthony","year":"2014","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-014-0192-5","article-title":"Exacerbation of blast-induced ocular trauma by an immune response","volume":"11","author":"Bricker-Anthony","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2015.08.031","article-title":"How microglia kill neurons","volume":"1628","author":"Brown","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2016.00449","article-title":"Mild traumatic brain injury produces neuron loss that can be rescued by modulating microglial activation using a CB2 receptor inverse agonist","volume":"10","author":"Bu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2010.01.017","article-title":"Brain-behavior relationships in young traumatic brain injury patients: fractional anisotropy measures are highly correlated with dynamic visuomotor tracking performance","volume":"48","author":"Caeyenberghs","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4178-07.2008","article-title":"A transcriptome database for astrocytes, neurons, and oligodendrocytes: a new resource for understanding brain development and function","volume":"28","author":"Cahoy","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00037.2016","article-title":"Arginase: a multifaceted enzyme important in health and disease","volume":"98","author":"Caldwell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000825","article-title":"Visual dysfunctions at different stages after blast and non-blast mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"94","author":"Cap\u00f3-Aponte","year":"2017","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2013.11.015","article-title":"Hospital-based ocular emergencies: epidemiology, treatment, and visual outcomes","volume":"32","author":"Cheung","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2008.08.0109","article-title":"Eye and visual function in traumatic brain injury","volume":"46","author":"Cockerham","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Res. Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-01747-8","article-title":"Characterizing microglia activation: a spatial statistics approach to maximize information extraction","volume":"7","author":"Davis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2014.12.034","article-title":"Microglia in neuronal plasticity: influence of stress","volume":"96","author":"Delpech","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.55782\/ane-2014-1985","article-title":"Early increase of cannabinoid receptor density after experimental traumatic brain injury in the newborn piglet","volume":"74","author":"Donat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Neurobiol. Exp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2017.00208","article-title":"Microglial activation in traumatic brain injury","volume":"9","author":"Donat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650110615","article-title":"A controlled trial of raloxifene (LY139481) HCl: impact on bone turnover and serum lipid profile in healthy postmenopausal women","volume":"11","author":"Draper","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2018.09.001","article-title":"Vision rehabilitation after traumatic brain injury","volume":"30","author":"Fox","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Rehabil. Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2015.05.003","article-title":"Alternatively activated microglia and macrophages in the central nervous system","volume":"131","author":"Franco","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966_bib24","series-title":"Costs of Military Eye Injury, Vision Impairment, and Related Blindness and Vision Dysfunction Associated with Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) without Eye Injury","author":"Frick","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.037267.114","article-title":"Sex steroid hormones matter for learning and memory: estrogenic regulation of hippocampal function in male and female rodents","volume":"22","author":"Frick","year":"2015","journal-title":"Learn. Mem."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/6.3.212","article-title":"A pharmacological review of selective oestrogen receptor modulators","volume":"6","author":"Goldstein","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e31827f15a1","article-title":"Mechanisms of TBI and visual consequences in military and veteran populations","volume":"90","author":"Goodrich","year":"2013","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2015.3886","article-title":"A novel closed-head model of mild traumatic brain injury using focal primary overpressure blast to the cranium in mice","volume":"33","author":"Guley","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2019.03.013","article-title":"Amelioration of visual deficits and visual system pathology after mild TBI with the cannabinoid type-2 receptor inverse agonist SMM-189","volume":"182","author":"Guley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2014.02.018","article-title":"Regulation of brain microglia by female gonadal steroids","volume":"146","author":"Habib","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.11.004","article-title":"Single-cell RNA sequencing of microglia throughout the mouse lifespan and in the injured brain reveals complex cell-state changes","volume":"50","author":"Hammond","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2014.00002","article-title":"A novel closed-head model of mild traumatic brain injury caused by primary overpressure blast to the cranium produces sustained emotional deficits in mice","volume":"5","author":"Heldt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2012.03.013","article-title":"A mouse model of ocular blast injury that induces closed globe anterior and posterior pole damage","volume":"99","author":"Hines-Beard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-015-0203-5","article-title":"Induction of a common microglia gene expression signature by aging and neurodegenerative conditions: a co-expression meta-analysis","volume":"3","author":"Holtman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2019.113063","article-title":"Amelioration of visual deficits and visual system pathology after mild TBI via the cannabinoid type-2 receptor inverse agonism of raloxifene","volume":"322","author":"Honig","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5844","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14711","article-title":"Progressive long-term spatial memory loss following repeat concussive and subconcussive brain injury in mice, associated with dorsal hippocampal neuron loss, microglial phenotype shift, and vascular abnormalities","volume":"54","author":"Honig","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.701317","article-title":"Raloxifene modulates microglia and rescues visual deficits and pathology after impact TBI","author":"Honig","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2013.07.010","article-title":"Nonuniform distribution and spectral tuning of photosensitive retinal ganglion cells of the mouse retina","volume":"23","author":"Hughes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13728","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.9b07214","article-title":"Once daily pregabalin eye drops for management of glaucoma","volume":"13","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2019.113082","article-title":"Deletion of Chitinase-3-like 1 accelerates stroke development through enhancement of neuroinflammation by STAT6-dependent M2 microglial inactivation in Chitinase-3-like 1 knockout mice","volume":"323","author":"Im","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-013-0389-5","article-title":"Neuro-ophthalmic deficits after head trauma","volume":"13","author":"Jacobs","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000000913","article-title":"Neuro-ophthalmic injuries with systemic neurologic injury or traumatic brain injury in Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom","volume":"40","author":"Jaksha","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuro Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.11.003","article-title":"Functional polarization of neuroglia: implications in neuroinflammation and neurological disorders","volume":"103","author":"Jha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2020.00198","article-title":"Overview of general and discriminating markers of differential microglia phenotypes","volume":"14","author":"Jurga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22010019","article-title":"CB2 receptor in microglia: the guardian of self-control","volume":"22","author":"Komorowska-M\u00fcller","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2013.04.040","article-title":"Identification of raloxifene as a novel CB2 inverse agonist","volume":"435","author":"Kumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1527-3458.2002.tb00230.x","article-title":"Selective estrogen receptor modulators: tissue actions and potential for CNS protection","volume":"8","author":"Littleton-Kearney","year":"2002","journal-title":"CNS Drug Rev."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0387-16.2017","article-title":"Abnormalities in dynamic brain activity caused by mild traumatic brain injury are partially rescued by the cannabinoid type-2 receptor inverse agonist SMM-189","volume":"4","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"eNeuro"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2015.08.018","article-title":"Microglia in the TBI brain: the good, the bad, and the dysregulated","volume":"275","author":"Loane","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.105.093500","article-title":"A novel cannabinoid peripheral cannabinoid receptor-selective inverse agonist blocks leukocyte recruitment in vivo","volume":"316","author":"Lunn","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therapeut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0707480","article-title":"Biology and therapeutic potential of cannabinoid CB2 receptor inverse agonists","volume":"153","author":"Lunn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00964","article-title":"Early microglial activation following closed-head concussive injury is dominated by pro-inflammatory M-1 type","volume":"9","author":"Madathil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.01.010","article-title":"Microglia heterogeneity in the single-cell era","volume":"30","author":"Masuda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966_bib56","first-page":"60","article-title":"Peripheral sensory neurons expressing melanopsin respond to light","volume":"10","author":"Matynia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Neural Circ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2012.09.012","article-title":"Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells are the primary but not exclusive circuit for light aversion","volume":"105","author":"Matynia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2015.05.025","article-title":"Light aversion and corneal mechanical sensitivity are altered by intrinscally photosensitive retinal ganglion cells in a mouse model of corneal surface damage","volume":"137","author":"Matynia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966_bib59","series-title":"Oxford Research Encyclopedia, Neuroscience","article-title":"Autonomic regulation of the eye","author":"May","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2020.101970","article-title":"Macrophagic and microglial complexity after neuronal injury","volume":"200","author":"Mesquida-Veny","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0148001","article-title":"Call off the dog(ma): M1\/M2 polarization is concurrent following traumatic brain injury","volume":"11","author":"Morganti","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-019-0724-4","article-title":"A brief review of the histopathology of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR)","volume":"34","author":"Mudhar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eye"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2709","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddv031","article-title":"Glycosylation of rhodopsin is necessary for its stability and incorporation into photoreceptor outer segment discs","volume":"24","author":"Murray","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966_bib64","first-page":"2148","article-title":"Extreme responsiveness of the pupil of the dark-adapted mouse to steady retinal illumination","volume":"39","author":"Pennesi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.159","article-title":"Pre-clinical evaluation of SMM-189, a cannabinoid receptor-2 specific inverse agonist","volume":"3","author":"Presley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res. & Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2021.111438","article-title":"TREM2, microglia, and Alzheimer's disease","volume":"195","author":"Qin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mech. Ageing Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms16010758","article-title":"Motor, visual and emotional deficits in mice after closed-head mild traumatic brain injury are alleviated by the novel CB2 inverse agonist SMM-189","volume":"16","author":"Reiner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2017.12.001","article-title":"Neural control of choroidal blood flow","volume":"64","author":"Reiner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.22227","article-title":"Microglial response to light-induced photoreceptor degeneration in the mouse retina","volume":"518","author":"Santos","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2011.12.021","article-title":"Immune responses of microglia in the spinal cord: contribution to pain states","volume":"234","author":"Schomberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2012.2825","article-title":"Therapy development for diffuse axonal injury","volume":"30","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4547(20010101)63:1<90::AID-JNR11>3.0.CO;2-9","article-title":"Morphology of reactive microglia in the injured cerebral cortex. Fractal analysis and complementary quantitative methods","volume":"63","author":"Soltys","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2016.1163618","article-title":"Bifunctional role of pro-inflammatory cytokines after traumatic brain injury","volume":"30","author":"Sordillo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Inj."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20983","article-title":"Cannabinoid and cannabinoid-like receptors in microglia, astrocytes and astrocytomas","volume":"58","author":"Stella","year":"2010","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-018-0072-1","article-title":"TREM2\u2013a key player in microglial biology and Alzheimer disease","volume":"14","author":"Ulland","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2018.6046","article-title":"Rapid repeat exposure to subthreshold trauma causes synergistic axonal damage and functional deficits in the visual pathway in a mouse model","volume":"36","author":"Vest","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S210","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000000666","article-title":"Causes of combat ocular trauma-related blindness from operation Iraqi freedom and enduring freedom","volume":"79","author":"Vlasov","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Trauma Acute Care Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2008.08.033","article-title":"Combat ocular trauma visual outcomes during operations Iraqi and enduring freedom","volume":"115","author":"Weichel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2015.11","article-title":"Adjunctive raloxifene treatment improves attention and memory in men and women with schizophrenia","volume":"20","author":"Weickert","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatr."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-00303-7","article-title":"Chitinase-3 like-protein-1 function and its role in diseases","volume":"5","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target Ther."}],"container-title":["Experimental Eye Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014483522000471?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014483522000471?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T19:24:22Z","timestamp":1777404262000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0014483522000471"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"references-count":78,"alternative-id":["S0014483522000471"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966","relation":{},"ISSN":["0014-4835"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0014-4835","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Raloxifene, a cannabinoid type-2 receptor inverse agonist, mitigates visual deficits and pathology and modulates microglia after ocular blast","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Experimental Eye Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108966","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"108966"}}