{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T12:17:25Z","timestamp":1793621845616,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":261,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654041600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654041600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]],"date-time":"2022-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650499200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32 EY007092"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 EY007092"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 EY016435"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 EY016435"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32 ES012870"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 ES012870"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F31 HD097918"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F31 HD097918"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32 HL007901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 HL007901"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 EY006360"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 EY006360"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"Department of Veterans Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IK6 RX003134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IK6 RX003134"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Eye Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,18]],"date-time":"2022-04-18T10:56:09Z","timestamp":1650279369000},"page":"109071","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":134,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Candidate pathways for retina to scleral signaling in refractive eye growth"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"219","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0791-0309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dillon M.","family":"Brown","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reece","family":"Mazade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Clarkson-Townsend","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelleigh","family":"Hogan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pooja M.","family":"Datta Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8738-6839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Machelle T.","family":"Pardue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10840","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-28904-x","article-title":"Reading and myopia: contrast polarity matters","volume":"8","author":"Aleman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3867","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/17.14.3867","article-title":"Disruption of retinoid-related orphan receptor \u03b2 changes circadian behavior, causes retinal degeneration and leads to vacillans phenotype in mice","volume":"17","author":"Andr\u00e9","year":"1998","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2013.03.005","article-title":"CD39 and CD73 in immunity and inflammation","volume":"19","author":"Antonioli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1007\/s002100100456","article-title":"Anoxia redistributes adenosine A(2A) receptors in PC12 cells and increases receptor-mediated formation of cAMP","volume":"365","author":"Arslan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Naunyn-Schmiedeberg\u2019s Arch. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5247","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-4689","article-title":"The effect of bright light on lens compensation in chicks","volume":"51","author":"Ashby","year":"2010","journal-title":"Investig. Opthalmology Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2007.02.019","article-title":"A muscarinic cholinergic antagonist and a dopamine agonist rapidly increase ZENK mRNA expression in the form-deprived chicken retina","volume":"85","author":"Ashby","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5348","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-3419","article-title":"The effect of ambient illuminance on the development of deprivation myopia in chicks","volume":"50","author":"Ashby","year":"2009","journal-title":"Investig. Opthalmology Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5103","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-05394-x","article-title":"Dopamine 2 receptor activation entrains circadian clocks in mouse retinal pigment epithelium","volume":"7","author":"Baba","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.21037\/aes.2018.01.04","article-title":"Scleral remodelling in myopia and its manipulation: a review of recent advances in scleral strengthening and myopia control","volume":"3","author":"Backhouse","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Eye Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R100015-JLR200","article-title":"Gene expression regulation by retinoic acid","volume":"43","author":"Balmer","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(94)90037-X","article-title":"A simple mechanism for emmetropization without cues from accommodation or colour","volume":"34","author":"Bartmann","year":"1994","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00414464","article-title":"[3H]-Dopamine release from the rabbit retina","volume":"215","author":"Bauer","year":"1980","journal-title":"Albrecht Von Graefes Arch. Klin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2018.05.020","article-title":"Adenosine receptor distribution in Rhesus monkey ocular tissue","volume":"174","author":"Beach","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4412","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-17784","article-title":"Altered refractive development in mice with reduced levels of retinal dopamine","volume":"57","author":"Bergen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Investig. Opthalmology Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2158","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M600073-MCP200","article-title":"Identification of apolipoprotein A-I as a \u201cSTOP\u201d signal for myopia","volume":"5","author":"Bertrand","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Proteomics MCP"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.1999.0762","article-title":"Visually induced changes in components of the retinoic acid system in fundal layers of the chick","volume":"70","author":"Bitzer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523898151040","article-title":"Light-stimulated release of dopamine from the primate retina is blocked by l -2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (APB)","volume":"15","author":"Boelen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vis. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1006\/abbi.1997.0205","article-title":"Inhibition of cartilage degradation and changes in physical properties induced by IL-1\u03b2 and retinoic acid using matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors","volume":"344","author":"Bonassar","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2019.100773","article-title":"Scleral structure and biomechanics","volume":"74","author":"Boote","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12316","article-title":"The relationship between image degradation and myopia in the mammalian eye","volume":"98","author":"Bowrey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Optom."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2005.03.016","article-title":"Adenosine mediation of presynaptic feedback inhibition of glutamate release","volume":"46","author":"Brambilla","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib22","first-page":"2876","article-title":"Oral all-trans retinoic acid treatment induces myopia and alters scleral biomechanics in mice","volume":"62","author":"Brown","year":"2021","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3007","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199809140-00016","article-title":"Metabolic regulation of endogenous adenosine release from single neurons","volume":"9","author":"Brundege","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib24","first-page":"1318","article-title":"Comparison of refractive development and retinal dopamine in OFF pathway mutant and C57BL\/6J wild-type mice","volume":"20","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Vis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2015.06.009","article-title":"ON pathway mutations increase susceptibility to form-deprivation myopia","volume":"137","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib26","series-title":"Updates on Myopia: A Clinical Perspective","first-page":"65","article-title":"Understanding myopia: pathogenesis and mechanisms","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2306","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-20402","article-title":"Bright light suppresses form-deprivation myopia development with activation of dopamine D1 receptor signaling in the ON pathway in retina","volume":"58","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Investig. Opthalmology Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2013.06.016","article-title":"Nine loci for ocular axial length identified through genome-wide association studies, including shared loci with refractive error","volume":"93","author":"Cheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(83)90771-0","article-title":"Activation of dopamine-containing amacrine cells of retina: light-induced increase of acidic dopamine metabolites","volume":"260","author":"Cohen","year":"1983","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2012.08.004","article-title":"Ambient illuminance, retinal dopamine release and refractive development in chicks","volume":"103","author":"Cohen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15735","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.26.15735","article-title":"Connexins regulate calcium signaling by controlling ATP release","volume":"95","author":"Cotrina","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15663","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0607241103","article-title":"Ionic control of ocular growth and refractive change","volume":"103","author":"Crewther","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2839","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002839","article-title":"Potassium channel and NKCC cotransporter involvement in ocular refractive control mechanisms","volume":"3","author":"Crewther","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib34","first-page":"523","article-title":"Distribution of adenosine receptors in human sclera fibroblasts","volume":"14","author":"Cui","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Vis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2009.01559.x","article-title":"Adenosine receptor protein changes in Guinea pigs with form deprivation myopia","volume":"88","author":"Cui","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2009.01688.x","article-title":"Effects of 7-methylxanthine on the sclera in form deprivation myopia in Guinea pigs","volume":"89","author":"Cui","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2009.04.012","article-title":"Retinoic acid signaling in mammalian eye development","volume":"89","author":"Cvekl","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903010310","article-title":"The dopaminergic amacrine cell","volume":"301","author":"Dacey","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2017-311625","article-title":"Myopia: its historical contexts","volume":"102","author":"de Jong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(96)00224-6","article-title":"Local changes in eye growth induced by imposed local refractive error despite active accommodation","volume":"37","author":"Diether","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5349","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-24526","article-title":"Possible causes of discordance in refraction in monozygotic twins: nearwork, time outdoors and stochastic variation","volume":"59","author":"Ding","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2008.150979","article-title":"Outdoor activity and myopia in Singapore teenage children","volume":"93","author":"Dirani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1038\/519276a","article-title":"The myopia boom","volume":"519","author":"Dolgin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib44","first-page":"2824","article-title":"Inhibition of experimental myopia by a dopamine agonist: different effectiveness between form deprivation and hyperopic defocus in Guinea pigs","volume":"17","author":"Dong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Vis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523802195058","article-title":"Circadian rhythms of dopamine in mouse retina: the role of melatonin","volume":"19","author":"Doyle","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vis. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1929.sp002608","article-title":"The physiological activity of adenine compounds with especial reference to their action upon the mammalian heart","volume":"68","author":"Drury","year":"1929","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.22158","article-title":"Ectopic retinal ON bipolar cell synapses in the OFF inner plexiform layer: contacts with dopaminergic amacrine cells and melanopsin ganglion cells","volume":"517","author":"Dumitrescu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4835(92)90126-D","article-title":"Synthesis of retinoic acid from retinol by cultured rabbit M\u00fcller cells","volume":"54","author":"Edwards","year":"1992","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-013-0999-z","article-title":"Extracellular adenosine signaling in molecular medicine","volume":"91","author":"Eltzschig","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med. Berl. Ger."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11008","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11008","article-title":"Meta-analysis of gene\u2013environment-wide association scans accounting for education level identifies additional loci for refractive error","volume":"7","author":"Fan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.02.007","article-title":"An updated view on the role of dopamine in myopia","volume":"114","author":"Feldkaemper","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.80.10.918","article-title":"Reappraisal of the human ocular growth curve in fetal life, infancy, and early childhood","volume":"80","author":"Fledelius","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.12107","article-title":"Juvenile eye growth, when completed? An evaluation based on IOL-Master axial length data, cross-sectional and longitudinal","volume":"92","author":"Fledelius","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.02.008","article-title":"Is myopia a failure of homeostasis?","volume":"114","author":"Flitcroft","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M20","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25957","article-title":"IMI \u2013 defining and classifying myopia: a proposed set of standards for clinical and epidemiologic studies","volume":"60","author":"Flitcroft","year":"2019","journal-title":"Investig. Opthalmology Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.11.42","article-title":"The spatial frequency content of urban and indoor environments as a potential risk factor for myopia development","volume":"61","author":"Flitcroft","year":"2020","journal-title":"Investig. Opthalmology Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4402132","article-title":"Adenosine, an endogenous distress signal, modulates tissue damage and repair","volume":"14","author":"Fredholm","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-013-1101-6","article-title":"Adenosine--a physiological or pathophysiological agent?","volume":"92","author":"Fredholm","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med. Berl. Ger."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-6997(24)01396-6","article-title":"Actions of caffeine in the brain with special reference to factors that contribute to its widespread use","volume":"51","author":"Fredholm","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib60","first-page":"263","article-title":"Aspects of the general biology of adenosine A2A signaling. Prog. Neurobiol","volume":"83","author":"Fredholm","year":"2007","journal-title":"Targeting Adenosine A2A Receptors in Parkinson\u2019s Disease and other CNS Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib61","first-page":"58","article-title":"Time outdoors and the prevention of myopia","volume":"114","author":"French","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res., Josh Wallman Special Tribute Edition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib62","first-page":"67","article-title":"Effects of dopamine on the chick retinal pigment epithelium. Membrane potentials and light-evoked responses","volume":"31","author":"Gallemore","year":"1990","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib63","first-page":"78","article-title":"Topical atropine in the control of myopia","volume":"5","author":"Galvis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Hypothesis, Discov. Innovation Ophthalmol. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-006-0254-1","article-title":"Effects of direct intravitreal dopamine injections on the development of lid-suture induced myopia in rabbits","volume":"244","author":"Gao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2016.12.004","article-title":"The wavelength composition and temporal modulation of ambient lighting strongly affect refractive development in young tree shrews","volume":"155","author":"Gawne","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM.2000.002","article-title":"Regulation of lipid and lipoprotein metabolism by PPAR activators","volume":"38","author":"Gervois","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2019.4421","article-title":"Association between polygenic risk score and risk of myopia","volume":"138","author":"Ghorbani Mojarrad","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(88)90046-7","article-title":"Release of endogenous dopamine from the superfused rabbit retina in vitro: effect of light stimulation","volume":"452","author":"Godley","year":"1988","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2013.254","article-title":"Genetic and environmental effects on myopia development and progression","volume":"28","author":"Goldschmidt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1985.01050060045020","article-title":"Refractive development of the human eye","volume":"103","author":"Gordon","year":"1985","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib71","series-title":"Biomechanics of the Eye","first-page":"383","article-title":"Scleral remodeling in myopia","author":"Grytz","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobme.2020.01.001","article-title":"Connective tissue remodeling in myopia and its potential role in increasing risk of glaucoma","volume":"15","author":"Grytz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.3109\/02713689508999936","article-title":"Retinal dopamine and lens-induced refractive errors in chicks","volume":"14","author":"Guo","year":"1995","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6806","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-12551","article-title":"Gene expression signatures in tree shrew sclera in response to three myopiagenic conditions","volume":"54","author":"Guo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib76","first-page":"311","article-title":"Gene expression signatures in tree shrew sclera during recovery from minus-lens wear and during plus-lens wear","volume":"25","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Vis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4178","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.19-27289","article-title":"Emmetropia is maintained despite continued eye growth from 16 to 18 Years of age","volume":"60","author":"Hagen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Investig. Opthalmology Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2018.02.002","article-title":"Adenosine metabolism, immunity and joint health","volume":"151","author":"Hask\u00f3","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2014.04.005","article-title":"Gene expression signatures in tree shrew choroid during lens-induced myopia and recovery","volume":"123","author":"He","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res., Special Issue: Stem Cell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/8647435","article-title":"Analysis of factors associated with the ocular features of congenital cataract children in the shanghai pediatric cataract study","author":"He","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006","article-title":"Global prevalence of myopia and high myopia and temporal trends from 2000 through 2050","volume":"123","author":"Holden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2005.06.036","article-title":"Form-deprivation myopia in the Guinea pig (Cavia porcellus)","volume":"46","author":"Howlett","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib84","first-page":"131","article-title":"Expressions of cellular retinoic acid binding proteins I and retinoic acid receptor-\u03b2 in the Guinea pig eyes with experimental myopia","volume":"4","author":"Huang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5537","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-13211","article-title":"Activation of dopamine D2 receptor is critical for the development of form-deprivation myopia in the C57BL\/6 mouse","volume":"55","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Investig. Opthalmology Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib86","article-title":"The association between near work activities and myopia in children\u2014a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2623","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-22578","article-title":"Dopamine D1 receptors contribute critically to the apomorphine-induced inhibition of form-deprivation myopia in mice","volume":"59","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Investig. Opthalmology Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.6.47","article-title":"The role of the dopamine D2 receptor in form-deprivation myopia in mice: studies with full and partial D2 receptor agonists and knockouts","volume":"61","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.63.1.24","article-title":"Retinal dopamine D2 receptors participate in the development of myopia in mice","volume":"63","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Investig. Opthalmology Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-22337","article-title":"The adenosine receptor antagonist, 7-methylxanthine, alters emmetropizing responses in infant macaques","volume":"59","author":"Hung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Investig. Opthalmology Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-020-0599-0","article-title":"Meta-analysis of 542,934 subjects of European ancestry identifies new genes and mechanisms predisposing to refractive error and myopia","volume":"52","author":"Hysi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1126\/science.30997","article-title":"Light stimulates tyrosine hydroxylase activity and dopamine synthesis in retinal amacrine neurons","volume":"202","author":"Iuvone","year":"1978","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523800012360","article-title":"Dopamine synthesis and metabolism in rhesus monkey retina: development, aging, and the effects of monocular visual deprivation","volume":"2","author":"Iuvone","year":"1989","journal-title":"Vis. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib94","first-page":"1674","article-title":"Effects of apomorphine, a dopamine receptor agonist, on ocular refraction and axial elongation in a primate model of myopia","volume":"32","author":"Iuvone","year":"1991","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0902425106","article-title":"Retinoid-related orphan nuclear receptor ROR\u03b2 is an early-acting factor in rod photoreceptor development","author":"Jia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Unit. States Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2018840118","article-title":"Violet light suppresses lens-induced myopia via neuropsin (OPN5) in mice","volume":"118","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-015-0052-9","article-title":"Effect of outdoor activity on myopia onset and progression in school-aged children in northeast China: the sujiatun eye care study","volume":"15","author":"Jin","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2317","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-0945","article-title":"Comparison of ocular component growth curves among refractive error groups in children","volume":"46","author":"Jones","year":"2005","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7169","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8336","article-title":"Time outdoors, visual activity, and myopia progression in juvenile-onset myopes","volume":"53","author":"Jones-Jordan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Investig. Opthalmology Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3181c12b3d","article-title":"Levodopa inhibits the development of form-deprivation myopia in Guinea pigs: optom","volume":"87","author":"Junfeng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib101","first-page":"1136","article-title":"7-methylxanthine does not prevent induced myopia in tree shrews","volume":"61","author":"Khanal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1003299","article-title":"Genome-wide analysis points to roles for extracellular matrix remodeling, the visual cycle, and neuronal development in myopia","volume":"9","author":"Kiefer","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1159\/000267871","article-title":"Sympathetic innervation of the rat choroid: an autoradiographic tracing and immunohistochemical study","volume":"28","author":"Klooster","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib104","first-page":"2242","article-title":"HIF-dependent induction of adenosine A2B receptor in hypoxia","volume":"20","author":"Kong","year":"2006","journal-title":"FASEB J. Off. Publ. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib105","first-page":"438","article-title":"Dopamine: a retinal neurotransmitter. I. Retinal uptake, storage, and light-stimulated release of H3-dopamine in vivo","volume":"10","author":"Kramer","year":"1971","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/s003590050339","article-title":"Effects of retinal dopamine depletion on the growth of the fish eye","volume":"184","author":"Kr\u00f6ger","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol. [A]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1111\/phpp.12089","article-title":"Towards standardization of UV eye protection: what can be learned from photodermatology?","volume":"30","author":"Krutmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4804","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-24415","article-title":"Dim light exposure and myopia in children","volume":"59","author":"Landis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Investig. Opthalmology Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107956","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.107956","article-title":"Increased endogenous dopamine prevents myopia in mice","volume":"193","author":"Landis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.1.28","article-title":"Ambient light regulates retinal dopamine signaling and myopia susceptibility","volume":"62","author":"Landis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaw8806","article-title":"Dopaminylation of histone H3 in ventral tegmental area regulates cocaine seeking","volume":"368","author":"Lepack","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.20055","article-title":"Multiple sensitive periods in human visual development: evidence from visually deprived children","volume":"46","author":"Lewis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dev. Psychobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523800011287","article-title":"Dose-dependent effects of 6-hydroxy dopamine on deprivation myopia, electroretinograms, and dopaminergic amacrine cells in chickens","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"1992","journal-title":"Vis. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib114","first-page":"689","article-title":"All-trans retinoic acid regulates the expression of the extracellular matrix protein fibulin-1 in the Guinea pig sclera and human scleral fibroblasts","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Vis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3135","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2807-12.2013","article-title":"Adenosine and dopamine receptors coregulate photoreceptor coupling via gap junction phosphorylation in mouse retina","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6324","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-13802","article-title":"The effect of spectral property and intensity of light on natural refractive development and compensation to negative lenses in Guinea pigs","volume":"55","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Investig. Opthalmology Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2463","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-1009","article-title":"Structural and elemental evidence for edema in the retina, retinal pigment epithelium, and choroid during recovery from experimentally induced myopia","volume":"45","author":"Liang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Investig. Opthalmology Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8878","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-7269","article-title":"Variations in eye volume, surface area, and shape with refractive error in young children by magnetic resonance imaging analysis","volume":"52","author":"Lim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Investig. Opthalmology Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2019-314675","article-title":"How does spending time outdoors protect against myopia? A review","volume":"104","author":"Lingham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1159\/000502529","article-title":"Effects of 7-methylxanthine on deprivation myopia and retinal dopamine release in chickens","volume":"63","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.14773","article-title":"The influence of the choroid on the onset and development of myopia: from perspectives of choroidal thickness and blood flow","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6265","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1120997109","article-title":"Neuronal adenosine release, and not astrocytic ATP release, mediates feedback inhibition of excitatory activity","volume":"109","author":"Lovatt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2016.12.061","article-title":"Different roles of retinal dopamine in albino Guinea pig myopia","volume":"639","author":"Mao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib125","first-page":"670","article-title":"Retinoic acid metabolic change in retina and choroid of the Guinea pig with lens-induced myopia","volume":"5","author":"Mao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370216638773","article-title":"Citicoline retards myopia progression following form deprivation in Guinea pigs","volume":"241","author":"Mao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib127","first-page":"1726","article-title":"Growth of the two layers of the chick sclera is modulated reciprocally by visual conditions","volume":"38","author":"Marzani","year":"1997","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-019-04573-y","article-title":"Studies on retinal mechanisms possibly related to myopia inhibition by atropine in the chicken","volume":"258","author":"Mathis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. Albrecht Von Graefes Arch. Klin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib129","first-page":"2179","article-title":"Structural and ultrastructural changes to the sclera in a mammalian model of high myopia","volume":"42","author":"McBrien","year":"2001","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12570","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.22.12570","article-title":"Light-mediated retinoic acid production","volume":"93","author":"McCaffery","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Unit. States Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2006.09.018","article-title":"Dopaminergic agents affect the ability of brief periods of normal vision to prevent form-deprivation myopia","volume":"84","author":"McCarthy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2874","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.24961","article-title":"The effect of optic nerve section on form deprivation myopia in the Guinea pig","volume":"528","author":"McFadden","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2003.11.002","article-title":"Retinoic acid signals the direction of ocular elongation in the Guinea pig eye","volume":"44","author":"McFadden","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2006.05.002","article-title":"Acute effects of dietary retinoic acid on ocular components in the growing chick","volume":"83","author":"McFadden","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2001.00145.x","article-title":"Vitreal dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) as an index of retinal dopamine release: vitreal DOPAC reflects dopamine release","volume":"76","author":"Megaw","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.1999.0813","article-title":"Choroidal retinoic acid synthesis: a possible mediator between refractive error and compensatory eye growth","volume":"70","author":"Mertz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902960108","article-title":"Immunolocalization of cellular retinoic acid binding protein to m\u00fcller cells and\/or a subpopulation of GABA\u2010positive amacrine cells in retinas of different species","volume":"296","author":"Milam","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523800012256","article-title":"Characterization of aldehyde dehydrogenase-positive amacrine cells restricted in distribution to the dorsal retina","volume":"14","author":"Milam","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vis. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6689","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7689","article-title":"Identification of myopia-associated WNT7B polymorphisms provides insights into the mechanism underlying the development of myopia","volume":"6","author":"Miyake","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60272-4","article-title":"Myopia","volume":"379","author":"Morgan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3074","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-1040","article-title":"Axial growth and changes in lenticular and corneal power during emmetropization in infants","volume":"46","author":"Mutti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Investig. Opthalmology Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2011.08.001","article-title":"Dopamine antagonists and brief vision distinguish lens-induced- and form-deprivation-induced myopia","volume":"93","author":"Nickla","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2010.08.021","article-title":"Dopaminergic agonists that result in ocular growth inhibition also elicit transient increases in choroidal thickness in chicks","volume":"91","author":"Nickla","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2019.01.008","article-title":"Effects of time-of-day on inhibition of lens-induced myopia by quinpirole, pirenzepine and atropine in chicks","volume":"181","author":"Nickla","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib146","first-page":"133","article-title":"Effects of 7-methylxanthine on form-deprivation myopia in pigmented rabbits","volume":"5","author":"Nie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000917","article-title":"What do animal studies tell us about the mechanism of myopia\u2014protection by light?","volume":"93","author":"Norton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(94)00243-F","article-title":"Reduced extracellular matrix in mammalian sclera with induced myopia","volume":"35","author":"Norton","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vision Res., Myopia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib149","first-page":"405","article-title":"Animal models of emmetropization: matching axial length to the focal plane","volume":"66","author":"Norton","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Am. Optom. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.05.004","article-title":"Light levels, refractive development, and myopia \u2013 a speculative review","volume":"114","author":"Norton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523800011184","article-title":"Lid-suture myopia in tree shrews with retinal ganglion cell blockade","volume":"11","author":"Norton","year":"1994","journal-title":"Vis. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523800012153","article-title":"Concentrations of biogenic amines in fundal layers in chickens with normal visual experience, deprivation, and after reserpine application","volume":"14","author":"Ohngemach","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vis. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5803","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-22297","article-title":"Opposing effects of PPAR\u03b1 agonism and antagonism on refractive development and form deprivation myopia in Guinea pigs","volume":"59","author":"Pan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108332","article-title":"PPAR\u03b3 modulates refractive development and form deprivation myopia in Guinea pigs","volume":"202","author":"Pan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.1994.1055","article-title":"Cytoplasmic retinal localization of an evolutionary homolog of the visual pigments","volume":"58","author":"Pandey","year":"1994","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(97)00347-7","article-title":"Induction of axial eye elongation and myopic refractive shift in one-year-old chickens","volume":"38","author":"Papastergiou","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-0643","article-title":"High susceptibility to experimental myopia in a mouse model with a retinal on pathway defect","volume":"49","author":"Pardue","year":"2008","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib158","first-page":"96","article-title":"Investigating mechanisms of myopia in mice","volume":"114","author":"Pardue","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res., Josh Wallman Special Tribute Edition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6272","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-14648","article-title":"Visually-driven ocular growth in mice requires functional rod photoreceptors","volume":"55","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"Investig. Opthalmology Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1116916","article-title":"Astrocytic purinergic signaling coordinates synaptic networks","volume":"310","author":"Pascual","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.2000.00918.x","article-title":"Light-adaptive effects of retinoic acid on receptive field properties of retinal horizontal cells: light-adaptive effects of retinoic acid","volume":"12","author":"Pottek","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7184","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3500-15.2016","article-title":"M1 ipRGCs influence visual function through retrograde signaling in the retina","volume":"36","author":"Prigge","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(82)90630-0","article-title":"Use of liquid chromatography with electrochemistry to measure effects of varying intensities of white light on DOPA accumulation in rat retinas","volume":"30","author":"Proll","year":"1982","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(01)00274-4","article-title":"Extrasynaptic release of dopamine in a retinal neuron: activity dependence and transmitter modulation","volume":"30","author":"Puopolo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28916","DOI":"10.1038\/srep28916","article-title":"Multiple cone pathways are involved in photic regulation of retinal dopamine","volume":"6","author":"Qiao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8444","article-title":"Identification of RALDH2 as a visually regulated retinoic acid synthesizing enzyme in the chick choroid","volume":"53","author":"Rada","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12246","article-title":"Risk factors for myopia in a discordant monozygotic twin study","volume":"35","author":"Ramessur","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib168","article-title":"Light exposure and physical activity in myopic and emmetropic children","volume":"1","author":"Read","year":"2014","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-0997","article-title":"Dopaminergic vasodilation in the choroidal circulation by d1\/d5 receptor activation","volume":"45","author":"Reitsamer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3138-04.2005","article-title":"A circadian clock and light\/dark adaptation differentially regulate adenosine in the mammalian retina","volume":"25","author":"Ribelayga","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523800004673","article-title":"Apomorphine blocks form-deprivation myopia in chickens by a dopamine D 2 -receptor mechanism acting in retina or pigmented epithelium","volume":"10","author":"Rohrer","year":"1993","journal-title":"Vis. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2007.12.019","article-title":"Outdoor activity reduces the prevalence of myopia in children","volume":"115","author":"Rose","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphs.2019.03.006","article-title":"Dopaminergic modulation of retinal processing from starlight to sunlight","volume":"140","author":"Roy","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2019.04.020","article-title":"Monochromatic and white light and the regulation of eye growth","volume":"184","author":"Rucker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523805223015","article-title":"The role of the retinal pigment epithelium in eye growth regulation and myopia: a review","volume":"22","author":"Rymer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vis. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1017\/S095252380000794X","article-title":"Characterization and localization of an aldehyde dehydrogenase to amacrine cells of bovine retina","volume":"12","author":"Saari","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vis. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00162724","article-title":"Effect of dopamine and haloperidol on the c-wave and light peak of light-induced retinal responses in chick eye","volume":"65","author":"Sato","year":"1987","journal-title":"Doc. Ophthalmol. Adv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12312","article-title":"Animal models in myopia research","volume":"98","author":"Schaeffel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Optom."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(94)90327-1","article-title":"6-Hydroxy dopamine does not affect lens-induced refractive errors but suppresses deprivation myopia","volume":"34","author":"Schaeffel","year":"1994","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(94)00221-7","article-title":"Studies on the role of the retinal dopamine\/melatonin system in experimental refractive errors in chickens","volume":"35","author":"Schaeffel","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib181","first-page":"137","article-title":"Inhibitory effects of apomorphine and atropine and their combination on myopia in chicks: optom","volume":"81","author":"Schmid","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.1996.0134","article-title":"In vivo and in vitro association of retinoic acid with form-deprivation myopia in the chick","volume":"63","author":"Seko","year":"1996","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1159\/000055496","article-title":"Retinoic acid increases in the retina of the chick with form deprivation myopia","volume":"30","author":"Seko","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-5155(99)00177-X","article-title":"Disturbance of electrolyte balance in vitreous of chicks with form-deprivation myopia","volume":"44","author":"Seko","year":"2000","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-1318","article-title":"Inducing form-deprivation myopia in fish","volume":"46","author":"Shen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Investig. Opthalmology Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-016-3345-7","article-title":"Scleral and choroidal volume in relation to axial length in infants with retinoblastoma versus adults with malignant melanomas or end-stage glaucoma","volume":"254","author":"Shen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006901005925","article-title":"Chronic effects of xanthines on levels of central receptors in mice","volume":"19","author":"Shi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(99)00184-4","article-title":"Form-deprivation myopia in monkeys is a graded phenomenon","volume":"40","author":"Smith","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib189","first-page":"133","article-title":"Controlling myopia progression in children and adolescents","volume":"6","author":"Smith","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adolesc. Health Med. Therapeut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5057","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-3232","article-title":"Hemiretinal form deprivation: evidence for local control of eye growth and refractive development in infant monkeys","volume":"50","author":"Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3864","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-4969","article-title":"Effects of optical defocus on refractive development in monkeys: evidence for local, regionally selective mechanisms","volume":"51","author":"Smith","year":"2010","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8652","article-title":"Protective effects of high ambient lighting on the development of form-deprivation myopia in rhesus monkeys","volume":"53","author":"Smith","year":"2012","journal-title":"Investig. Opthalmology Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2959","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-11713","article-title":"Negative lens\u2013induced myopia in infant monkeys: effects of high ambient lighting","volume":"54","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Investig. Opthalmology Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib194","first-page":"180","article-title":"Visual regulation of refractive development: insights from animal studies","volume":"28","author":"Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eye Lond. Engl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6490","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-17025","article-title":"Effects of long-wavelength lighting on refractive development in infant rhesus monkeys","volume":"56","author":"Smith","year":"2015","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.663","article-title":"A genome-wide association study identifies a susceptibility locus for refractive errors and myopia at 15q14","volume":"42","author":"Solouki","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s00044-021-02704-x","article-title":"Adenosine receptors as promising targets for the management of ocular diseases","volume":"30","author":"Spinozzi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Chem. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.2.704","article-title":"Retinal dopamine and form-deprivation myopia","volume":"86","author":"Stone","year":"1989","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Unit. States Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1080\/02713680500479517","article-title":"Local patterns of image degradation differentially affect refraction and eye shape in chick","volume":"31","author":"Stone","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4779","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-19310","article-title":"Development of experimental myopia in chicks in a natural environment","volume":"57","author":"Stone","year":"2016","journal-title":"Investig. Opthalmology Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00021.2004","article-title":"The retinal pigment epithelium in visual function","volume":"85","author":"Strauss","year":"2005","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.2.13","article-title":"Short-wavelength (violet) light protects mice from myopia through cone signaling","volume":"61","author":"Strickland","year":"2020","journal-title":"Investig. Opthalmology Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib204","author":"Summers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18991","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M116.725523","article-title":"Identification of apolipoprotein A-I as a retinoic acid-binding protein in the eye","volume":"291","author":"Summers","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108252","article-title":"Retinoic acid synthesis by a population of choroidal stromal cells","volume":"201","author":"Summers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108693","article-title":"Functional integration of eye tissues and refractive eye development: mechanisms and pathways","volume":"209","author":"Summers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1007\/s11307-018-1183-1","article-title":"Study of vesicular monoamine transporter 2 in myopic retina using [18F]FP-(+)-DTBZ","volume":"20","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Imag. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.3.14","article-title":"Emmetropic, but not myopic human eyes distinguish positive defocus from calculated blur","volume":"62","author":"Swiatczak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Investig. Opthalmology Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0071441","article-title":"cAMP level modulates scleral collagen remodeling, a critical step in the development of myopia","volume":"8","author":"Tao","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0127-7","article-title":"Genome-wide association meta-analysis highlights light-induced signaling as a driver for refractive error","volume":"50","author":"Tedja","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M89","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25965","article-title":"IMI \u2013 myopia genetics report","volume":"60","author":"Tedja","year":"2019","journal-title":"Investig. Opthalmology Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.12.4","article-title":"Form-deprivation and lens-induced myopia are similarly affected by pharmacological manipulation of the dopaminergic system in chicks","volume":"61","author":"Thomson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108233","article-title":"Topical application of dopaminergic compounds can inhibit deprivation myopia in chicks","volume":"200","author":"Thomson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13242","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-70271-z","article-title":"Levodopa inhibits the development of lens-induced myopia in chicks","volume":"10","author":"Thomson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.4.25","article-title":"Coadministration with carbidopa enhances the antimyopic effects of levodopa in chickens","volume":"62","author":"Thomson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1080\/07420520903044315","article-title":"Daily and seasonal variation in the spectral composition of light exposure in humans","volume":"26","author":"Thorne","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.2006021","article-title":"Gene expression in response to optical defocus of opposite signs reveals bidirectional mechanism of visually guided eye growth","volume":"16","author":"Tkatchenko","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.12.007","article-title":"Violet light exposure can Be a preventive strategy against myopia progression","volume":"15","author":"Torii","year":"2017","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2008.03.022","article-title":"The significance of retinal image contrast and spatial frequency composition for eye growth modulation in young chicks","volume":"48","author":"Tran","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.83.12.1370","article-title":"Biochemical and ultrastructural changes in rabbit sclera after treatment with","volume":"83","author":"Trier","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s12177-008-9013-3","article-title":"Systemic 7-methylxanthine in retarding axial eye growth and myopia progression: a 36-month pilot study","volume":"1","author":"Trier","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Ocul. Biol. Dis. Infor."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-1422","article-title":"The response to visual form deprivation differs with age in marmosets","volume":"46","author":"Troilo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Investig. Opthalmology Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(91)90048-A","article-title":"The regulation of eye growth and refractive state: an experimental study of emmetropization","volume":"31","author":"Troilo","year":"1991","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.3109\/02713688709034870","article-title":"Visual deprivation causes myopia in chicks with optic nerve section","volume":"6","author":"Troilo","year":"1987","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-0298","article-title":"Change in the synthesis rates of ocular retinoic acid and scleral glycosaminoglycan during experimentally altered eye growth in marmosets","volume":"47","author":"Troilo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M31","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25967","article-title":"IMI \u2013 report on experimental models of emmetropization and myopia","volume":"60","author":"Troilo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0000000000000677","article-title":"Biological mechanisms of atropine control of myopia","volume":"46","author":"Upadhyay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2554","article-title":"Genome-wide meta-analyses of multiancestry cohorts identify multiple new susceptibility loci for refractive error and myopia","volume":"45","author":"Verhoeven","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4145","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-40299-x","article-title":"Epigenetically dysregulated genes and pathways implicated in the pathogenesis of non-syndromic high myopia","volume":"9","author":"Vishweswaraiah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2009.303","article-title":"Increased prevalence of myopia in the United States between 1971-1972 and 1999-2004","volume":"127","author":"Vitale","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.11.4.9068616","article-title":"Retinoic aid increases arrestin mRNA levels in the mouse retina","volume":"11","author":"Wagner","year":"1997","journal-title":"Faseb. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1126\/science.694514","article-title":"Extreme myopia produced by modest change in early visual experience","volume":"201","author":"Wallman","year":"1978","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3603011","article-title":"Local retinal regions control local eye growth and myopia","volume":"237","author":"Wallman","year":"1987","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(94)E0049-Q","article-title":"Moving the retina: choroidal modulation of refractive state","volume":"35","author":"Wallman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib238","first-page":"3040","article-title":"Influence of oral 7-methylxanthine on lens-induced and form deprivation myopia in chickens","volume":"55","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4413","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-23880","article-title":"Effects of light of different spectral composition on refractive development and retinal dopamine in chicks","volume":"59","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Investig. Opthalmology Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2599","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-26471","article-title":"Probing the potency of artificial dynamic ON or OFF stimuli to inhibit myopia development","volume":"60","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Investig. Opthalmology Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E003","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523816000195","article-title":"Intravitreally-administered dopamine D2-like (and D4), but not D1-like, receptor agonists reduce form-deprivation myopia in tree shrews","volume":"34","author":"Ward","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vis. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2018.03.006","article-title":"The hyperopic effect of narrow-band long-wavelength light in tree shrews increases non-linearly with duration","volume":"146\u2013147","author":"Ward","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1475-1313.1999.00406.x","article-title":"A longitudinal study of cycloplegic refraction in a cohort of 350 Japanese schoolchildren. Cycloplegic refraction","volume":"19","author":"Watanabe","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt. J. Br. Coll. Ophthalmic Opt. Optom."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7139","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.12.7139","article-title":"Retinoic acid has light-adaptive effects on horizontal cells in the retina","volume":"95","author":"Weiler","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Unit. States Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3346","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.1999.00799.x","article-title":"Retinoic acid modulates gap junctional permeability between horizontal cells of the mammalian retina: retinoic acid and gap junction coupling","volume":"11","author":"Weiler","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0173(99)00071-5","article-title":"Modulation of coupling between retinal horizontal cells by retinoic acid and endogenous dopamine","volume":"32","author":"Weiler","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain Res. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1076\/ceyr.27.6.371.18188","article-title":"Neural pathways subserving negative lens-induced emmetropization in chicks--insights from selective lesions of the optic nerve and ciliary nerve","volume":"27","author":"Wildsoet","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib249","first-page":"99","article-title":"Experimental myopia and anamalous eye growth patterns unaffected by optic nerve section in chickens: evidence for local control of eye growth","volume":"3","author":"Wildsoet","year":"1988","journal-title":"Clin. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(94)00233-C","article-title":"Choroidal and scleral mechanisms of compensation for spectacle lenses in chicks","volume":"35","author":"Wildsoet","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M106","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25958","article-title":"IMI \u2013 interventions for controlling myopia onset and progression report","volume":"60","author":"Wildsoet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Investig. Opthalmology Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00146553","article-title":"Electrooculographic and electroretinographic study in the chicken after dopamine and haloperidol","volume":"75","author":"Wioland","year":"1990","journal-title":"Doc. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1023\/B:DOOP.0000019487.88486.0a","article-title":"Dopamine and retinal function","volume":"108","author":"Witkovsky","year":"2004","journal-title":"Doc. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.11.009","article-title":"Outdoor activity during class recess reduces myopia onset and progression in school children","volume":"120","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-13362","article-title":"Unaltered retinal dopamine levels in a C57BL\/6 mouse model of form-deprivation myopia","volume":"56","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5393","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-19543","article-title":"The role of retinal dopamine in C57BL\/6 mouse refractive development as revealed by intravitreal administration of 6-hydroxydopamine","volume":"57","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Investig. Opthalmology Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E7091","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1721443115","article-title":"Scleral hypoxia is a target for myopia control","volume":"115","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Unit. States Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2475","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-12361","article-title":"Daily injection but not continuous infusion of apomorphine inhibits form-deprivation myopia in mice","volume":"56","author":"Yan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.1.21","article-title":"Short wavelength (blue) light is protective for lens-induced myopia in Guinea pigs potentially through a retinoic acid\u2013related mechanism","volume":"62","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Investig. Opthalmology Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2015.06.014","article-title":"RPE and choroid mechanisms underlying ocular growth and myopia","volume":"134","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog. Mol. Biol. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14181","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0803893105","article-title":"Intraretinal signaling by ganglion cell photoreceptors to dopaminergic amacrine neurons","volume":"105","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Unit. States Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-0938.2011.00611.x","article-title":"Characterisation of Cl\u2212 transporter and channels in experimentally induced myopic chick eyes","volume":"94","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Optom."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib263","article-title":"Melanopsin mediates retrograde visual signaling in the retina","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4441","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-21574","article-title":"Dopamine receptor subtypes mediate opposing effects on form deprivation myopia in pigmented Guinea pigs","volume":"59","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Investig. Opthalmology Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7920","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-08172-x","article-title":"Mapping physiological inputs from multiple photoreceptor systems to dopaminergic amacrine cells in the mouse retina","volume":"7","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.102878","article-title":"Scleral HIF-1\u03b1 is a prominent regulatory candidate for genetic and environmental interactions in human myopia pathogenesis","volume":"57","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4362","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-3998","article-title":"Genetic deletion of the adenosine A2A receptor confers postnatal development of relative myopia in mice","volume":"51","author":"Zhou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2017.06.003","article-title":"Dopamine signaling and myopia development: what are the key challenges","volume":"61","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071_bib269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.15.30","article-title":"Decreased choroidal blood perfusion induces myopia in Guinea pigs","volume":"62","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."}],"container-title":["Experimental Eye Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014483522001518?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014483522001518?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T13:21:12Z","timestamp":1777382472000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0014483522001518"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"references-count":261,"alternative-id":["S0014483522001518"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071","relation":{},"ISSN":["0014-4835"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0014-4835","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Candidate pathways for retina to scleral signaling in refractive eye growth","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Experimental Eye Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109071","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"109071"}}