{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T11:01:05Z","timestamp":1789642865132,"version":"4.0.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696118400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696118400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]],"date-time":"2023-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013968","name":"Johnson and Johnson Vision Care","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Eye Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2023.109615","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]],"date-time":"2023-08-14T20:41:45Z","timestamp":1692045705000},"page":"109615","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Ocular microbiome changes in dry eye disease and meibomian gland dysfunction"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"235","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6194-1128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jerome","family":"Ozkan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marwan E.","family":"Majzoub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minas","family":"Coroneo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Torsten","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Willcox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2023.109615_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ico.0000225716.85382.7b","article-title":"Effect of antibacterial honey on the ocular flora in tear deficiency and meibomian gland disease","volume":"25","author":"Albietz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2023.109615_bib2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ocular surface microbiota dysbiosis contributes to the high prevalence of dry eye disease in diabetic patients","author":"An","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2023.109615_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/npre.2010.4282.1","article-title":"Differential expression analysis for sequence count data","author":"Anders","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Prec."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2023.109615_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.09.003","article-title":"Ocular surface microbiota in patients with aqueous tear-deficient dry eye","volume":"19","author":"Andersson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2023.109615_bib5","article-title":"The microbiome and ophthalmic disease","volume":"1535370218813616","author":"Baim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med. (Maywood, NJ, U. S.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2023.109615_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfo.2015.01.012","article-title":"[Bacterial flora in blepharitis]","volume":"38","author":"Bezza Benkaouha","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Fr. Ophtalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2023.109615_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu170","article-title":"Trimmomatic: a flexible trimmer for Illumina sequence data","volume":"30","author":"Bolger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2023.109615_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.05.011","article-title":"TFOS DEWS II pathophysiology report","volume":"15","author":"Bron","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2023.109615_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2009.12.010","article-title":"Validation of the 5-Item Dry Eye Questionnaire (DEQ-5): discrimination across self-assessed severity and aqueous tear deficient dry eye diagnoses","volume":"33","author":"Chalmers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Contact Lens Anterior Eye"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2023.109615_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-018-0882-3","article-title":"Comparison of clinical characteristics and antibiotic susceptibility between Pseudomonas aeruginosa and P. putida keratitis at a tertiary referral center: a retrospective study","volume":"18","author":"Cho","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2023.109615_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2011.02469.x","article-title":"The Pseudomonas aeruginosa opportunistic pathogen and human infections","volume":"13","author":"De Bentzmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2023.109615_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/srep23561","article-title":"Altered mucosal microbiome diversity and disease severity in sjogren syndrome","volume":"6","author":"De Paiva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2023.109615_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.46075-0","article-title":"Detection of potentially novel bacterial components of the human skin microbiota using culture-independent molecular profiling","volume":"54","author":"Dekio","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2023.109615_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2020.02.014","article-title":"Post-antibiotic ocular surface microbiome in children: a cluster-randomized trial","volume":"127","author":"Doan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2023.109615_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4774","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.19-27719","article-title":"Composition and diversity of bacterial community on the ocular surface of patients with meibomian gland dysfunction","volume":"60","author":"Dong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2023.109615_bib16","series-title":"UNOISE2: Improved Error-Correction for Illumina 16S and ITS Amplicon Sequencing","author":"Edgar","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2023.109615_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2460","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btq461","article-title":"Search and clustering orders of magnitude faster than BLAST","volume":"26","author":"Edgar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2023.109615_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2194","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr381","article-title":"UCHIME improves sensitivity and speed of chimera detection","volume":"27","author":"Edgar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2023.109615_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2611","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032611","article-title":"Applying metagenomic analysis using nanopore sequencer (MinION) for precision medicine in bacterial keratoconjunctivitis: comprehensive validation of molecular biological and conventional examinations","volume":"24","author":"Eguchi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2023.109615_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-018-0306-4","article-title":"Gut microbiome structure and metabolic activity in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"4","author":"Franzosa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2023.109615_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3670","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.12.3670-3673.1998","article-title":"Corynebacterium macginleyi has to date been isolated exclusively from conjunctival swabs","volume":"36","author":"Funke","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2023.109615_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-017-1670-4","article-title":"A Bayesian taxonomic classification method for 16S rRNA gene sequences with improved species-level accuracy","volume":"18","author":"Gao","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Bioinf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2023.109615_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-199110010-00010","article-title":"Lid flora in blepharitis","volume":"10","author":"Groden","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2023.109615_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000002445","article-title":"Corynebacterium species of the conjunctiva and nose: dominant species and species-related differences of antibiotic susceptibility profiles","volume":"39","author":"Hoshi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2023.109615_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0026602","article-title":"Vaginal microbiome and epithelial gene array in post-menopausal women with moderate to severe dryness","volume":"6","author":"Hummelen","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2023.109615_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3038.2012.01328.x","article-title":"Reduced gut microbial diversity in early life is associated with later development of eczema but not atopy in high\u2010risk infants","volume":"23","author":"Ismail","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2023.109615_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S162135","article-title":"Pathogens in the Meibomian gland and conjunctival sac: microbiome of normal subjects and patients with Meibomian gland dysfunction","volume":"11","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2023.109615_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.84.12.1420","article-title":"Corynebacterium macginleyi: a conjunctiva specific pathogen","volume":"84","author":"Joussen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2023.109615_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1007\/s12275-019-9127-2","article-title":"Comparative portrayal of ocular surface microbe with and without dry eye","volume":"57","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2023.109615_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.731867","article-title":"Metagenomic analysis reveals the heterogeneity of conjunctival microbiota dysbiosis in dry eye disease","volume":"9","author":"Liang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2023.109615_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-013-0297-x","article-title":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms in disease","volume":"68","author":"Mulcahy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2023.109615_bib32","series-title":"Vegan: Community Ecology Package. R Package Version 2","author":"Oksanen","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2023.109615_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.05.010","article-title":"Bacterial contamination of intravitreal needles by the ocular surface microbiome","volume":"19","author":"Ozkan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2023.109615_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4268","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-24651","article-title":"Identification and visualization of a distinct microbiome in ocular surface conjunctival tissue","volume":"59","author":"Ozkan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2023.109615_bib35","series-title":"Comparative Analysis of Ocular Surface Tissue Microbiome in Human, Mouse, Rabbit, and Guinea Pig","author":"Ozkan","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2023.109615_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-10494-9","article-title":"Temporal stability and composition of the ocular surface microbiome","volume":"7","author":"Ozkan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2023.109615_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2018.11.005","article-title":"Biogeography of the human ocular microbiota","volume":"17","author":"Ozkan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2023.109615_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2906","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MIB.0000435759.05577.12","article-title":"Impact of ethnicity, geography, and disease on the microbiota in health and inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"19","author":"Prideaux","year":"2013","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2023.109615_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2455","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S114674","article-title":"Debs - a unification theory for dry eye and blepharitis","volume":"10","author":"Rynerson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2023.109615_bib40","first-page":"1164","article-title":"16S rDNA-based identification of bacteria from conjunctival swabs by PCR and DGGE fingerprinting","volume":"42","author":"Schabereiter-Gurtner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2023.109615_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2012.11.022","article-title":"The biodiversity and composition of the dominant fecal microbiota in patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"75","author":"Sha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2023.109615_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00198-16","article-title":"Changes in the eye microbiota associated with contact lens wearing","volume":"7","author":"Shin","year":"2016","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2023.109615_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.06.014","article-title":"An ocular commensal protects against corneal infection by driving an interleukin-17 response from mucosal gammadelta T cells","volume":"47","author":"St Leger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2023.109615_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.05.003","article-title":"TFOS DEWS II epidemiology report","volume":"15","author":"Stapleton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2023.109615_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.04.001","article-title":"TFOS DEWS II sex, gender, and hormones report","volume":"15","author":"Sullivan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2023.109615_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3833","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01212-07","article-title":"Suture-related keratitis caused by Corynebacterium macginleyi","volume":"45","author":"Suzuki","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2023.109615_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2008.03.004","article-title":"Ultrafast pyrosequencing of Corynebacterium kroppenstedtii DSM44385 revealed insights into the physiology of a lipophilic corynebacterium that lacks mycolic acids","volume":"136","author":"Tauch","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2023.109615_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2041-210X.2012.00190.x","article-title":"mvabund - an R package for model-based analysis of multivariate abundance data","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Methods Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2023.109615_bib48","article-title":"Sjogren-like lacrimal keratoconjunctivitis in germ-free mice","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2023.109615_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-50-1-347","article-title":"Corynebacterium simulans sp. nov., a non-lipophilic, fermentative Corynebacterium","volume":"50","author":"Wattiau","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2023.109615_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-6691-2_6","article-title":"Assessing bacterial and fungal diversity in the plant endosphere","volume":"1539","author":"Wemheuer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2023.109615_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6030","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-22957","article-title":"The influence of age and sex on ocular surface microbiota in healthy adults","volume":"58","author":"Wen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2023.109615_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-68952-w","article-title":"The closed eye harbours a unique microbiome in dry eye disease","volume":"10","author":"Willis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2023.109615_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.05.001","article-title":"TFOS DEWS II diagnostic methodology report","volume":"15","author":"Wolffsohn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2023.109615_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1007\/s10156-010-0114-0","article-title":"Pseudomonas putida bacteremia in adult patients: five case reports and a review of the literature","volume":"17","author":"Yoshino","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Infect. Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2023.109615_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.06.004","article-title":"Protective role of commensal bacteria in Sjogren Syndrome","volume":"93","author":"Zaheer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2023.109615_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.8.22","article-title":"Metagenomic profiling of ocular surface microbiome changes in meibomian gland dysfunction","volume":"61","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2023.109615_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-012-0248-3","article-title":"Pseudomonas putida infection of the conjunctiva","volume":"40","author":"Zuberbuhler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infection"}],"container-title":["Experimental Eye Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014483523002361?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014483523002361?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T05:23:42Z","timestamp":1758000222000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0014483523002361"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"references-count":58,"alternative-id":["S0014483523002361"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2023.109615","relation":{},"ISSN":["0014-4835"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0014-4835","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Ocular microbiome changes in dry eye disease and meibomian gland dysfunction","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Experimental Eye Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2023.109615","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"109615"}}