{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T01:12:38Z","timestamp":1778634758070,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008035","name":"Kidney Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008035","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004325","name":"AstraZeneca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004325","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014913","name":"Federal State of Saxony","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["14575\/2470"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14575\/2470"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014913","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"German Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DFG 497989466"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DFG 497989466"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001648","name":"European Foundation for the Study of Diabetes","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001648","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004895","name":"European Social Fund Plus","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004895","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004047","name":"Karolinska Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004047","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["14505\/2470"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14505\/2470"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["14575\/2470"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14575\/2470"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["713\\u2013241202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["713\\u2013241202"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004191","name":"Novo Nordisk A\/S","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004191","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010215","name":"German Diabetes Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010215","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013964","name":"Stig and Gunborg Westman Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013964","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013288","name":"LIFE programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013288","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100023651","name":"European Social Fund for Germany","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100023651","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Eye Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110286","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T11:12:50Z","timestamp":1740049970000},"page":"110286","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Slope Chain Code-based scale-independent tortuosity measurement on retinal vessels"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"254","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1037-4308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zian","family":"Fanti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0987-4498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulf-Dietrich","family":"Braumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0183-0340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franziska G.","family":"Rauscher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1683-9276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Ebert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6663-9438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ernesto","family":"Bribiesca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4469-3895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Elena","family":"Martinez-Perez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110286_b1","series-title":"2015 Science and Information Conference","first-page":"687","article-title":"Quantifying retinal blood vessels\u2019 tortuosity \u2013 Review","author":"Abdalla","year":"2015"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110286_b2","article-title":"Norms of interocular circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness differences at 768 retinal locations","volume":"9","author":"Baniasadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110286_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1080\/0268869031000108927","article-title":"Surgical correction of symptomatic vertebral artery kinking","volume":"17","author":"Bene\u0161","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110286_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02150097","article-title":"Changes in peripapillary tortuosity of the central retinal arteries in newborns","volume":"218","author":"Bracher","year":"1982","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110286_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2012.09.017","article-title":"A measure of tortuosity based on chain coding","volume":"46","author":"Bribiesca","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110286_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.12988\/ijcms.2016.5839","article-title":"A contour-oriented approach to shape analysis via the slope chain code","volume":"11","author":"Bribiesca","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Contemp. Math. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110286_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2019.06.016","article-title":"The spirals of the Slope Chain Code","volume":"95","author":"Bribiesca","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110286_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvcir.2019.03.015","article-title":"A chain code for representing high definition contour shapes","volume":"61","author":"Bribiesca","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vis. Commun. Image Represent."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110286_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2003.816964","article-title":"Measuring tortuosity of the intracerebral vasculature from MRA images","volume":"22","author":"Bullitt","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110286_b10","first-page":"490","article-title":"A numeric index based on spatial frequency for the tortuosity of retinal vessels and its application to plus disease in retinopathy of prematurity","volume":"15","author":"Capowski","year":"1995","journal-title":"Retin. \u2013 J. Retin. Vitr. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110286_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000225056.66762.f9","article-title":"Ischemic stroke in an adolescent with arterial tortuosity syndrome","volume":"67","author":"Cartwright","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110286_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbe.2019.03.003","article-title":"Polynomial modeling of retinal vessels for tortuosity measurement","volume":"39","author":"Chetia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biocybern. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110286_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.125.7.875","article-title":"Interexpert agreement of plus disease diagnosis in retinopathy of prematurity","volume":"125","author":"Chiang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110286_b14","series-title":"A Practical Guide To Splines","first-page":"207","article-title":"Smoothing and least-squares approximation","author":"de Boor","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110286_b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1177\/000331979804900505","article-title":"Tortuosity, kinking, and coiling of the carotid artery: Expression of atherosclerosis or aging?","volume":"49","author":"Del Corso","year":"1998","journal-title":"Angiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110286_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e66","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyac114","article-title":"LIFE-adult-study working group. cohort profile: The LIFE-Adult-Study","volume":"52","author":"Engel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110286_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4734","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-0646","article-title":"Diagnosis of plus disease in retinopathy of prematurity using retinal image multiscale analysis","volume":"46","author":"Gelman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110286_b18","article-title":"Reading cognition from the eyes: association of retinal nerve fibre layer thickness with cognitive performance in a population-based study","volume":"3","author":"Girbardt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110286_b19","series-title":"25th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","first-page":"866","article-title":"A novel method for the automatic evaluation of retinal vessel tortuosity","author":"Grisan","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110286_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2007.904657","article-title":"A novel method for the automatic grading of retinal vessel tortuosity","volume":"27","author":"Grisan","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110286_b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1159\/000335123","article-title":"Twisted blood vessels: Symptoms, etiology and biomechanical mechanisms","volume":"49","author":"Han","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110286_b22","series-title":"Proceedings of the American Medical Informatics Association (AMIA) Annual Fall Symposium","first-page":"459","article-title":"Automated measurement of retinal vascular tortuosity","author":"Hart","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110286_b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-5056(98)00163-4","article-title":"Measurement and classification of retinal vascular tortuosity","volume":"53","author":"Hart","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Inform."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110286_b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1159\/000057850","article-title":"Tortuosity of the white matter medullary arterioles is related to the severity of hypertension","volume":"13","author":"Hiroki","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110286_b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(78)90158-3","article-title":"Tortuosity as an index of the age and diameter increase of coronary collateral vessels in patients after acute myocardial infarction","volume":"41","author":"Hutchins","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110286_b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2012.10.015","article-title":"Retinal vessel tortuosity measures and their applications","volume":"106","author":"Kalitzeos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110286_b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-04796-w","article-title":"Accuracy of vascular tortuosity measures using computational modelling","volume":"12","author":"Kashyap","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110286_b28","series-title":"2022-2023 Basic and Clinical Science Course\u2122, Section 12: Retina and Vitreous","first-page":"63","article-title":"Part II: Diseases of the retina and vitreous","author":"Kim","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110286_b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e103","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1914-1985","article-title":"The Leipzig Health Atlas \u2013 An open platform to present, archive, and share biomedical data, analyses, and models online","volume":"61","author":"Kirsten","year":"2022","journal-title":"Methods Inf. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110286_b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2007.10.006","article-title":"Evaluation of a computer-based system for plus disease diagnosis in retinopathy of prematurity","volume":"114","author":"Koreen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110286_b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197787","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3033027","article-title":"Recent techniques and trends for retinal blood vessel extraction and tortuosity evaluation: A comprehensive review","volume":"8","author":"Krestanova","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110286_b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1109\/34.161346","article-title":"Thinning methodologies \u2013 A comprehensive survey","volume":"14","author":"Lam","year":"1992","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110286_b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.09.019","article-title":"Sex-specific differences in circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness","volume":"127","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110286_b34","series-title":"36th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","first-page":"5414","article-title":"An experimental assessment of five indices of retinal vessel tortuosity with the RET-TORT public dataset","author":"Lisowska","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110286_b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-1983-z","article-title":"The LIFE-Adult-Study: Objectives and design of a population-based cohort study with 10 000 deeply phenotyped adults in Germany","volume":"15","author":"Loeffler","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110286_b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00414653","article-title":"Measurement of vessel tortuosity on fundus photographs","volume":"211","author":"Lotmar","year":"1979","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110286_b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2002.800789","article-title":"Retinal vascular tree morphology: A semi-automatic quantification","volume":"49","author":"Martinez-Perez","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110286_b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2006.11.004","article-title":"Segmentation of blood vessels from red-free and fluorescein retinal images","volume":"11","author":"Martinez-Perez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med. Image Anal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110286_b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.2621","article-title":"Development and evaluation of customized software to automatically align macula and optic disc centered optical coherence tomography scans based on fundus projections","author":"Martinez-Perez","year":"2025","journal-title":"PeerJ Comput. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110286_b40","series-title":"Cubic Smoothing Spline","author":"MATLAB csaps","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110286_b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2015.09.004","article-title":"Multiscale analysis of tortuosity in retinal images using wavelets and fractal methods","volume":"68","author":"Mayrhofer-Reinhartshuber","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110286_b42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2021.105969","article-title":"On the quantitative effects of compression of retinal fundus images on morphometric vascular measurements in VAMPIRE","volume":"202","author":"Mookiah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Programs Biomed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110286_b43","series-title":"Developments in X-Ray Tomography VIII","article-title":"Comparing the micro-vascular structure of cancerous and healthy tissues","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110286_b44","series-title":"2nd International Conference on Biomedical Engineering","first-page":"39","article-title":"Quantification of retinal vascular tortuosity: Evaluation on different numbers of sampling points","author":"Nafia","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110286_b45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2008.02.009","article-title":"Diabetes and the tortuosity of vessels of the bulbar conjunctiva","volume":"115","author":"Owen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110286_b46","first-page":"2004","article-title":"Measuring retinal vessel tortuosity in 10-year-old children: Validation of the computer-assisted image analysis of the retina (CAIAR) program","volume":"50","author":"Owen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Epidemiologic Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110286_b47","series-title":"3rd European Medical & Biological Engineering Conference (EMBEC), IFMBE European Conference on Biomedical Engineering","first-page":"660","article-title":"Evaluation of tortuosity of eye blood vessels using the integral of square of derivative of curvature","author":"Pata\u0161ius","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110286_b48","first-page":"39","article-title":"Optometric grading scales for use in everyday practice","volume":"43","author":"Pearson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Optom. Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110286_b49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-024-06093-9","article-title":"Glucose tolerance and insulin resistance\/sensitivity associate with retinal layer characteristics: the LIFE-Adult-Study","volume":"67","author":"Rauscher","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110286_b50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-021-02064-8","article-title":"Renal function and lipid metabolism are major predictors of circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness\u2014the LIFE-Adult Study","volume":"19","author":"Rauscher","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110286_b51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02162161","article-title":"Smoothing by spline functions","volume":"10","author":"Reinsch","year":"1967","journal-title":"Numer. Math."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110286_b52","series-title":"Retinal Vessel Tortuosity Data Set","author":"RET-TORT","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110286_b53","series-title":"Kanski\u2019s Clinical Ophthalmology: A Systematic Approach","first-page":"495","article-title":"Retinal vascular disease","author":"Salmon","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110286_b54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01068419","article-title":"A comparison of the two one-sided tests procedure and the power approach for assessing the equivalence of average bioavailability","volume":"15","author":"Schuirmann","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Pharmacokinet. Biopharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110286_b55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02648109","article-title":"Tortuosity and atherosclerosis in the femoral artery: What is cause and what is effect?","volume":"24","author":"Smedby","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110286_b56","first-page":"181","article-title":"Two-dimensional tortuosity of the superficial femoral artery in early atherosclerosis","volume":"30","author":"Smedby","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110286_b57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.2306\/scienceasia1513-1874.2013.39.265","article-title":"Quantification and classification of retinal vessel tortuosity","volume":"39","author":"Turior","year":"2013","journal-title":"ScienceAsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110286_b58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.22.2.025004","article-title":"Automated detection of the choroid boundary within OCT image data using quadratic measure filters","volume":"22","author":"Wagner","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110286_b59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13392","article-title":"Extracting full information from OCT scans\u2014signs of early age-related macular degeneration within inner retinal layers by local neighbourhood statistics, Part I: Methodology","volume":"45","author":"Wagner","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110286_b60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.22.12.121718","article-title":"Age, ocular magnification, and circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110286_b61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1076\/soph.16.1.2.4220","article-title":"Diabetic retinopathy \u2013 An historical review","volume":"16","author":"Wolfensberger","year":"2001","journal-title":"Semin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110286_b62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.03479","article-title":"Improving the prediction of hypertensive target organ damage using novel markers lessons from retinal vascular imaging research","volume":"64","author":"Wong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110286_b63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2005.00288.x","article-title":"Systemic associations of retinal microvascular signs: A review of recent population-based studies","volume":"25","author":"Wong","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110286_b64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1109\/42.363106","article-title":"The detection and quantification of retinopathy using digital angiograms","volume":"13","author":"Zhou","year":"1994","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"}],"container-title":["Experimental Eye Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014483525000570?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014483525000570?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T00:24:00Z","timestamp":1778631840000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0014483525000570"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"references-count":64,"alternative-id":["S0014483525000570"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110286","relation":{},"ISSN":["0014-4835"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0014-4835","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Slope Chain Code-based scale-independent tortuosity measurement on retinal vessels","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Experimental Eye Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110286","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"110286"}}