{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T04:17:56Z","timestamp":1790741876866,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,15]],"date-time":"2025-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741996800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000883","name":"University of Bristol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000883","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006312","name":"BrightFocus Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["M2024009N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M2024009N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006312","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Eye Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]],"date-time":"2025-03-14T12:05:22Z","timestamp":1741953922000},"page":"110340","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Designing the next generation of clinical trials in intermediate AMD-a consensus driven, pragmatic, proof of concept early intervention study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"255","author":[{"given":"Robyn H.","family":"Guymer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip J.","family":"Rosenfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justis P.","family":"Ehlers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayssa","family":"Attar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederick","family":"Ferris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James G.","family":"Fujimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Ip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maximilian","family":"Pfau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marlene","family":"Sa\u00dfmannshausen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David N.","family":"Zacks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tav\u00e9","family":"van Zyl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhichao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Glenn J.","family":"Jaffe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-18572","article-title":"Drusen volume as a predictor of disease progression in patients with late age-related macular degeneration in the fellow eye","volume":"57","author":"Abdelfattah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.4997","article-title":"Lutein+ zeaxanthin and omega-3 fatty acids for age-related macular degeneration: the Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2) randomized clinical trial","volume":"309","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.119.10.1417","article-title":"A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc for age-related macular degeneration and vision loss: AREDS report no. 8","volume":"119","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol-Chic"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2022.05.021","article-title":"Reticular pseudodrusen: the third macular risk feature for progression to late age-related macular degeneration. Age-related eye disease study 2 report 30","volume":"129","author":"Agr\u00f3n","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib6","first-page":"2307","article-title":"Two year longitudinal ellipsoid zone integrity dynamics in intermediate age-related macular degeneration","volume":"65","author":"Banigo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2024.06.023","article-title":"The total macular burden of hyperreflective foci and the onset of persistent choroidal hypertransmission defects in intermediate AMD","author":"Berni","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.3928\/23258160-20210528-05","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of intravitreal risuteganib for non-exudative AMD: a multicenter, phase 2a, randomized, clinical trial","volume":"52","author":"Boyer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthal Surg Las Im Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2018.07.008","article-title":"Disorganization of retinal inner layers and ellipsoid zone disruption predict visual outcomes in central retinal vein occlusion","volume":"3","author":"Chan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2017.08.018","article-title":"Design characteristics of geographic atrophy treatment trials: Systemic review of registered trials in CLinical trials .gov","volume":"2","author":"Cheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthlmol. Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.09.041","article-title":"Macualr telangiectasis tyoe 2-Phase 2 NCTF Research Group: effect of ciliary neurotrophic factor on retinal neurodegeneration in patients with macular telangiectasia type 2: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"126","author":"Chew","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. Times"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.14283\/jpad.2022.41","article-title":"Clinical trial endpoints and their clinical meaningfulness in early stages of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"3","author":"Cohen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Prev Alz Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2023.07.003","article-title":"Comparison between B-scan and en face images for incomplete and complete retinal pigment epithelium and outer retinal atrophy","volume":"7","author":"Corvi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Retina"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000002990","article-title":"Choriocapillaris flow deficits as a risk factor for progression of age related macular degeneration","volume":"41","author":"Corvi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-1132","article-title":"Report from the NEI\/FDA ophthalmic clincial trial desgin and endpoints sympoisum","volume":"49","author":"Csaky","year":"2008","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3456","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-22339","article-title":"Report from the NEI\/FDA endpoints workshop on age-related macular degeneration and inherited retinal diseases","volume":"58","author":"Csaky","year":"2017","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-020-01467-0","article-title":"Functionally validated imaging endpoints in the Alabama study on early age-related macular degeneration 2 (ALSTAR2): design and methods","author":"Curcio","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7098","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-34009-x","article-title":"A potential primary endpoint for clinical trials in glaucoma neuroprotection","volume":"13","author":"De Moraes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib20","first-page":"5678","article-title":"Association of ellipsoid zone integrity with the development of geographic atrophy in a case-control assessment in drusen volume-matched eyes","volume":"65","author":"Della Vecchia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2019.06.010","article-title":"Higher-order assessment of OCT in diabetic macular edema from the VISTA study: ellipsoid zone dynamics and the retinal fluid index","volume":"3","author":"Ehlers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2024.04.031","article-title":"Correlation between blue fundus autofluorescence and SD-OCT measurements of geographic atrophy in dry age-related macular degeneration","volume":"266","author":"Ehlers","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Ophthlmol"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib23","first-page":"S2468","article-title":"Compartmental exudative dynamics in neovascular age-related macular degeneration: volumetric outcomes and impact of volatility in a phase III clinical trial","volume":"23","author":"Ehlers","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3519","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-21696","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography features preceding the onset of advanced age-related macular degeneration","volume":"58","author":"Ferrara","year":"2017","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.10.036","article-title":"Clinical classification of age-related macular degeneration","volume":"120","author":"Ferris","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. Times"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib26","article-title":"Draft guidance for Industry- multiple endpoints in clinical trials: guidance for industry","year":"2017","journal-title":"Janauary"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib28","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration Cellular, Tissue, and Gene Therapies Advisory Committee CTGTAC Meeting #52. Cellular and Gene Therapies for Retinal Disorders. June 29, 2011."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.3928\/23258160-20131217-01","article-title":"Change in drusen volume as a novel clinical trial endpoint for the study of complement inhibition in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"45","author":"Garcia Filho","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2079","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-20105","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of the ellipsoid zone intensity in phenotypic variations of intermediate age-related macular degeneration","volume":"58","author":"Gin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.3928\/23258160-20210302-05","article-title":"Directional reflectivity of the ellipsoid zone in dry age-related macular degeneration","volume":"52","author":"Griffin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthal Surg Las Im Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0083759","article-title":"Proof of concept, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the effect of simvastatin on the course of age-related macular degeneration","volume":"8","author":"Guymer","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.09.015","article-title":"Subthreshold nanosecond laser intervention in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"126","author":"Guymer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib34","first-page":"2754","article-title":"HONU: a multicenter, prospective, observational study of the progression of intermediate Age-related macular degeneration","volume":"64","author":"Guymer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S20","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001715","article-title":"Longitudinal correlation of ellipsoid zone loss and functional loss in macular telangiectasia type 2","volume":"38","author":"Heeren","year":"2018","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib36","first-page":"673","article-title":"On behalf of the chroma and spectri study investigators. Visual function decline resulting from geographic atrophy results from the chroma and spectri phase 3 trials","volume":"vol. 4","author":"Heier","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01520-9","article-title":"Pegcetacoplan for the treatment of geographic atrophy secondary to age-related macular degeneration (OAKS and DERBY): two multicentre, randomised, double-masked, sham-controlled, phase 3 trials","volume":"402","author":"Heier","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2015-307105","article-title":"Volumetric ellipsoid zone mapping for enhanced visualisation of outer retinal integrity with optical coherence tomography","volume":"100","author":"Itoh","year":"2016","journal-title":"BJO (Br. J. Ophthalmol.)"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib39","article-title":"Impact of drusen reduction on quantitative ellipsoid zone integrity features in intermediate age-related macular degeneration","volume":"65","author":"Jung","year":"2024","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13061178","article-title":"Automated identification and segmentation of ellipsoid zone at-risk using deep learning on SD-OCT for predicting progression in dry AMD","volume":"13","author":"Kalra","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8117650","article-title":"Ellipsoid zone integrity and visual acuity changes during diabetic macular edema therapy: a longitudinal study","volume":"2021","author":"Kessler","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01583-0","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of avacincaptad pegol in patients with geographic atrophy (GATHER2): 12-month results from a randomised, double-masked, phase 3 trial","volume":"402","author":"Khanani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2012.01.030","article-title":"Improvement of photoreceptor integrity and associated visual outcome in neovascular age-related macular degeneration","volume":"154","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2021.11.001","article-title":"Persistent hyper-transmission defects detected on en face swept source OCT images predict the formation of geographic atrophy in AMD","volume":"237","author":"Laiginhas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2016.12.001","article-title":"Subthreshold nanosecond laser intervention in intermediate age-related macular degeneration","volume":"1","author":"Lek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.14.30","article-title":"Report from the national eye Institute workshop on neuro-ophthalmic disease clinical trial endpoints","volume":"62","author":"Levin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Optic Neuropathies Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2023.03.012","article-title":"Onset and progression of persistent choroidal hypertransmission defects in intermediate age-related macular degeneration: a novel clinical trial endpoint","volume":"254","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2681","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.9.002681","article-title":"Deep longitudinal transfer learning-based automatic segmentation of photoreceptor ellipsoid zone defects on optical coherence tomography images of macular telangiectasia type 2","volume":"9","author":"Loo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.3928\/15428877-20090301-16","article-title":"Spectral domain optical coherence tomographic imaging of geographic atrophy","volume":"40","author":"Lujan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Surg. Laser. Imag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000004105","article-title":"Directional optical coherence tomography imaging of macular pathology","author":"Lujan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9763","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-13106-3","article-title":"Using directional OCT to analyze photoreceptor visibility over AMD-related drusen","volume":"12","author":"Marsh-Armstrong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.12.10.20","article-title":"Validating trend-based end points for neuroprotection trials in glaucoma","volume":"12","author":"Montesano","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib57","first-page":"379","volume":"vol. 63","author":"Munk","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3488","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-024-03338-0","article-title":"Relationship between hypertansmission defect size and progression on eyes with intermeidate Age-related macular degeneration","volume":"38","author":"Nanegrungsunk","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5110","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11175110","article-title":"Risk factors for progression of age-related macular degeneration: population-based amish eye study","volume":"11","author":"Nittala","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.12.12.18","article-title":"Establishing fully-automated fundus-controlled dark adaptometry: a validation and retest-reliability study","volume":"12","author":"Oertli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.04.003","article-title":"Determinants of cone and rod functions in geographic atrophy: AI based structure-function correlation","volume":"217","author":"Pfau","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Ophthlmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000002337","article-title":"Mesopic and dark adapted two color fundus controlled perimetry in geographic atrophy secondary to Age-related macular degeneration","volume":"40","author":"Pfau","year":"2020","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib63","first-page":"1009","article-title":"The effect of pegcetacoplan treatment on photoreceptor maintenance in geographic atrophy monitored by artificial intelligence based OCT analysis ophthalmol retina","volume":"6","author":"Riedl","year":"2022"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.65.8.30","article-title":"Sequence of morphological changes preceding atrophy in intermediate AMD using deep learning","volume":"65","author":"Riedl","year":"2024","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.09.028","article-title":"Consensus definition for atrophy associated with age-related macular degeneration on OCT: classification of atrophy report 3","volume":"125","author":"Sadda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.3928\/23258160-20211210-01","article-title":"MD risk classification for progression to subfoveal geographic atrophy in dry age-related macular degeneration using machine learning\u2013enabled outer retinal feature extraction","volume":"53","author":"Sarici","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Surg. Laser. Imag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib68","first-page":"8","volume":"vol. 27","author":"Sarkar","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2016.11.002","article-title":"En face optical coherence imaging for the detection of nascent geopgraphic atrophy","volume":"174","author":"Schaal","year":"2017","journal-title":"AM J Ophthlamol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib70","first-page":"919","volume":"vol. 64","author":"Schmidt-Erfurth","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib71","first-page":"2794","article-title":"Patient-tailored fundus-controlled perimetry testing in intermediate and early atrophic age-related macular degeneration","volume":"65","author":"Schmitz-Valckenberg","year":"2024","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000002983","article-title":"Longitudinal Ellipsoid zone dynamics after macualr hole repair in the discovery study: structure-Function Assessment","volume":"41","author":"Sevgi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.02.023","article-title":"For the international nomenclature for optical coherence tomography (INOCT) panel, proposed lexicon for anatomic landmarks in normal posterior segment spectral-domain optical coherence tomography the IN.OCT consensus","volume":"121","author":"Staurenghi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthlmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-022-02097-0","article-title":"Developing and validating a multivariable prediction model which predicts progression of intermediate to late stage age-related macular degeneration -the PINNACLE trial protocol","volume":"37","author":"Sutton","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.12685","article-title":"Ellipsoid zone on optical coherence tomography: a review","volume":"44","author":"Tao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-020-04595-6","article-title":"Clinical study protocol for a low-interventional study in intermediate age-related macular degeneration developing novel clinical endpoints for interventional clinical trials with a regulatory and patient access intention\u2014macustar","volume":"21","author":"Terheyden","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.9.2.26","article-title":"Performance of classification systems for age-related macular degeneration in the rotterdam study","volume":"9","author":"Thee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2022.06.001","article-title":"Natural history of the relative ellipsoid zone reflectivity in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"6","author":"Thiele","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmology Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib79","first-page":"1465","article-title":"Laser treatment of drusen to prevent progression to advanced age-related macular degeneration","author":"Virgili","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-2843","article-title":"Kaufman pl. The glaucoma research community and FDA look to the future: a report from the NEI\/FDA cder glaucoma clinical trial design and endpoints symposium","volume":"50","author":"Weinreb","year":"2009","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib81","first-page":"2264","article-title":"Impact of baseline quantitative ellipsoid zone integrity on geographic atrophy expansion in the ReCLAIM-2 clinical trial","volume":"64","author":"Whitmore","year":"2023","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E106","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(13)70145-1","article-title":"Global prevalence of age-related macular degeneration and disease burden projection for 2020 and 2040: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"Wong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Global Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.06.034","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography-defined changes preceding the development of drusen-associated atrophy in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"121","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2014.5963","article-title":"Longitudinal changes in microperimetry and low luminance visual acuity in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"133","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Jama Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogla.2019.01.004","article-title":"Improving the feasibility of glaucoma clinical trials using trend-based visual field progression end points","volume":"2","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Glaucoma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2019.12.011","article-title":"Prospective longitudinal evaluation of nascent geographic atrophy in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"4","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmology Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2022.03.007","article-title":"Reticular pseudodrusen on the risk of progression in intermediate age-related macular degeneration","volume":"239","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000004080","article-title":"Complete retinal pigment epithelial and outer retinal atrophy in age-related macular degeneration: a longitudinal evaluation","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xops.2023.100425","article-title":"Functional evaluation of retinal pigment epithelium and outer retinal atrophy by high-density targeted microperimetry testing","volume":"4","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ophthalmology Science."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.14356","article-title":"Choroidal signal hypertransmission on optical coherence tomography imaging: association with development of geographic atrophy in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"52","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm14050543","article-title":"Ellipsoid zone integrity and visual function in dry age-related macular degeneration","volume":"14","author":"Yordi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Personalized Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2009.07.014","article-title":"Reticular pseudodrusen are subretinal drusenoid deposits","volume":"117","author":"Zweifel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ophthlamology"}],"container-title":["Experimental Eye Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014483525001113?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014483525001113?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T04:13:27Z","timestamp":1778040807000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0014483525001113"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"references-count":84,"alternative-id":["S0014483525001113"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340","relation":{},"ISSN":["0014-4835"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0014-4835","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Designing the next generation of clinical trials in intermediate AMD-a consensus driven, pragmatic, proof of concept early intervention study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Experimental Eye Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110340","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"110340"}}