{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T15:05:52Z","timestamp":1778771152134,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774656000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":300,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000968","name":"American Heart Association Inc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22POST-903250"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22POST-903250"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000968","name":"American Heart Association Inc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22PRE-900431"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22PRE-900431"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 NS0091359"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 NS0091359"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017787","name":"Health Science Center, University of North Texas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 EY035510"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 EY035510"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017787","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Eye Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]],"date-time":"2025-03-24T18:09:11Z","timestamp":1742839751000},"page":"110358","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Chronic intermittent hypoxia modulates corneal fibrotic markers and inflammatory cytokine expression in a sex-dependent manner"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"255","author":[{"given":"Jessica L.","family":"Bradshaw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brenda","family":"Vasini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steve","family":"Mabry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brenna S.","family":"Hefley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E. Nicole","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer J.","family":"Gardner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebecca L.","family":"Cunningham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8761-3824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Karamichos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-012-0724-0","article-title":"Ocular surface assessment in patients with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Acar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sleep Breath."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2007.12.006","article-title":"The role of calcium-activated protease calpain in experimental retinal pathology","volume":"53","author":"Azuma","year":"2008","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2010.06.023","article-title":"Stromal interleukin-1 expression in the cornea after haze-associated injury","volume":"91","author":"Barbosa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2019.107709","article-title":"Corneal injury: clinical and molecular aspects","volume":"186","author":"Barrientez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X17666190228112451","article-title":"Calpain-1 and calpain-2 in the brain: dr. Jekill and mr hyde?","volume":"17","author":"Baudry","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(19)30198-5","article-title":"Estimation of the global prevalence and burden of obstructive sleep apnoea: a literature-based analysis","volume":"7","author":"Benjafield","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e3182068adc","article-title":"Pregnancy-induced progression of keratoconus","volume":"30","author":"Bilgihan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0030-2019","article-title":"Sex differences in obstructive sleep apnoea","volume":"28","author":"Bonsignore","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1420144","article-title":"Impact of sex and hypoxia on brain region-specific expression of membrane androgen receptor AR45 in rats","volume":"15","author":"Bradshaw","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1076\/ceyr.23.1.64.5425","article-title":"Interleukin-18 expression and modulation in human corneal epithelial cells","volume":"23","author":"Burbach","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.2644","article-title":"Vascular inflammation and sleep disordered breathing in a community-based cohort","volume":"36","author":"Chami","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358_bib12","article-title":"Role of estrogen receptors in health and disease","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1902","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-0828","article-title":"Increased stress-induced generation of reactive oxygen species and apoptosis in human keratoconus fibroblasts","volume":"47","author":"Chwa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1406748","article-title":"Proteomic analysis reveals key differences in pro-stromal corneal tissue between highly myopic males and females","volume":"11","author":"Cui","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.9378","article-title":"The prevalence and comorbidities of obstructive sleep apnea in middle-aged men and women: the Busselton Healthy Ageing Study","volume":"17","author":"Cunningham","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13070878","article-title":"Ocular inflammation and oxidative stress as a result of chronic intermittent hypoxia: a rat model of sleep apnea","volume":"13","author":"Donkor","year":"2024","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358_bib17","first-page":"129","article-title":"The effect of disease severity and chronic CPAP-therapy on cognitive functions and event related potentials in OSAS","volume":"76","author":"Eda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ideggyogyaszati Szle."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23020916","article-title":"The role of estriol and estrone in keratoconic stromal sex hormone receptors","volume":"23","author":"Escandon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2023.02.002","article-title":"Selective modulation of the keratoconic stromal microenvironment by FSH and LH","volume":"193","author":"Escandon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.202201159","article-title":"Paradoxical roles of caspase-3 in regulating cell survival, proliferation, and tumorigenesis","volume":"221","author":"Eskandari","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3181c4f8ec","article-title":"Sleep disturbances in pregnancy","volume":"115","author":"Facco","year":"2010","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12770","article-title":"Prevalence and association analysis of obstructive sleep apnea with gender and age differences - results of SHIP-Trend","volume":"28","author":"Fietze","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e3181ac0518","article-title":"The influence of gender and hormone status on the severity and progression of keratoconus","volume":"29","author":"Fink","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2019.06.001","article-title":"Thrombospondin-1 in ocular surface health and disease","volume":"17","author":"Foulsham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0b013e32833f00dc","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea and ocular disorders","volume":"21","author":"Grover","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109242","article-title":"Revealing the presence of tear extracellular vesicles in Keratoconus","volume":"224","author":"Hefley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.3928\/1081597X-20130117-11","article-title":"Transitory topographical variations in keratoconus during pregnancy","volume":"29","author":"Hoogewoud","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Refract. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-016-1358-4","article-title":"The association between ophthalmologic diseases and obstructive sleep apnea: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Huon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sleep Breath."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.06.00148204","article-title":"Sleep-disordered breathing and upper airway size in pregnancy and post-partum","volume":"27","author":"Izci","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1067\/msy.2002.119986","article-title":"Premenopausal women deposit more collagen than men during healing of an experimental wound","volume":"131","author":"Jorgensen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.4274\/tjo.57778","article-title":"Evaluation of ocular surface health in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome","volume":"46","author":"Karaca","year":"2016","journal-title":"Turk J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8121494","article-title":"Gonadotropins in keratoconus: the unexpected suspects","volume":"8","author":"Karamichos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2021.101016","article-title":"Anterior pituitary, sex hormones, and keratoconus: beyond traditional targets","volume":"88","author":"Karamichos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.5387\/fms.2019-01","article-title":"Eye diseases in women","volume":"65","author":"Kazama","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fukushima J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4523","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.00774-12","article-title":"Caspase-3 protects stressed organs against cell death","volume":"32","author":"Khalil","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.90","article-title":"Sex differences in immune responses","volume":"16","author":"Klein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25021052","article-title":"Analysis of cytokine and chemokine level in tear film in keratoconus patients before and after corneal cross-linking (CXL) treatment","volume":"25","author":"Krok","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12062101","article-title":"Menopause is associated with obstructive sleep apnea in a population-based sample from mecklenburg-western pomerania, Germany","volume":"12","author":"Kruger","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e3182821c1c","article-title":"An association between the calpastatin (CAST) gene and keratoconus","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-018-1714-7","article-title":"The prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea and its association with pregnancy-related health outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sleep Breath."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358_bib41","article-title":"Linarine inhibits inflammatory responses in dry eye disease mice by modulating purinergic receptors","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10153422","article-title":"Ocular complications of obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2014.01.017","article-title":"Hypoxia disrupts gene modulation along the brain-pituitary-gonad (BPG)-liver axis","volume":"102","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-024-00613-3","article-title":"Sex-dependent effects of chronic intermittent hypoxia: implication for obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"15","author":"Mabry","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biol. Sex Differ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-025-00688-6","article-title":"The impact of chronic intermittent hypoxia on enzymatic activity in memory-associated brain regions of male and female rats","volume":"16","author":"Mabry","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biol. Sex Differ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-023-00557-0","article-title":"Sex and age differences in social and cognitive function in offspring exposed to late gestational hypoxia","volume":"14","author":"Mabry","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol. Sex Differ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222111748","article-title":"Understanding drivers of ocular fibrosis: current and future therapeutic perspectives","volume":"22","author":"Mallone","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2023.111797","article-title":"Sex differences in markers of oxidation and inflammation. Implications for ageing","volume":"211","author":"Martinez de Toda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mech. Ageing Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0176017","article-title":"Acute hypoxia influences collagen and matrix metalloproteinase expression by human keratoconus cells in vitro","volume":"12","author":"McKay","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/srep25534","article-title":"Endocrine and metabolic pathways linked to keratoconus: implications for the role of hormones in the stromal microenvironment","volume":"6","author":"McKay","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11020224","article-title":"Sex hormones, growth hormone, and the cornea","volume":"11","author":"McKay","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advms.2017.03.003","article-title":"Pro-inflammatory cytokines associated with clinical severity of dry eye disease of patients with depression","volume":"62","author":"Mrugacz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e291","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13296","article-title":"Topographic, tomographic and biomechanical corneal changes during pregnancy in patients with keratoconus: a cohort study","volume":"95","author":"Naderan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.14231","article-title":"Chronic intermittent hypoxia triggers cardiac fibrosis: role of epididymal white adipose tissue senescent remodeling?","author":"Naushad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1080\/01926230701584197","article-title":"Ultraviolet radiation-induced corneal degeneration in 129 mice","volume":"35","author":"Newkirk","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23063269","article-title":"Sex hormones and their effects on ocular disorders and pathophysiology: current aspects and our experience","volume":"23","author":"Nuzzi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000001509","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea assessed by overnight polysomnography in patients with keratoconus","volume":"37","author":"Pedrotti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2011.29","article-title":"Calpain-mediated cleavage of Beclin-1 and autophagy deregulation following retinal ischemic injury in vivo","volume":"2","author":"Russo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0000000000000728","article-title":"Does gender matter: sex-specific aspects of symptoms, outcome, and therapy of obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"26","author":"Schiza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2016.07.004","article-title":"The immunomodulatory role of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis: proximate mechanism for reproduction-immune trade offs?","volume":"66","author":"Segner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.10.7.17","article-title":"Differential effect of proinflammatory cytokines on corneal and conjunctival epithelial cell mucins and glycocalyx","volume":"10","author":"Shamloo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2024.109790","article-title":"Effects of hypoxia in the diabetic corneal stroma microenvironment","volume":"240","author":"Sharma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01554","article-title":"Rat strain and housing conditions alter oxidative stress and hormone responses to chronic intermittent hypoxia","volume":"9","author":"Snyder","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358_bib64","article-title":"Chronic intermittent hypoxia induces oxidative stress and inflammation in brain regions associated with early-stage neurodegeneration","volume":"5","author":"Snyder","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e318238c3f2","article-title":"Two cases of keratoconus diagnosed after pregnancy","volume":"89","author":"Soeters","year":"2012","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2007.124388","article-title":"Oestrogen-induced changes in biomechanics in the cornea as a possible reason for keratectasia","volume":"91","author":"Spoerl","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.05.003","article-title":"TFOS DEWS II epidemiology report","volume":"15","author":"Stapleton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1076\/ceyr.22.1.28.6980","article-title":"Expression of sex steroid hormone receptors in human cornea","volume":"22","author":"Suzuki","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358_bib69","first-page":"51","article-title":"Androgen-dependent hereditary mouse keratoconus: linkage to an MHC region","volume":"43","author":"Tachibana","year":"2002","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfo.2021.09.007","article-title":"Evaluation of corneal, ocular surface, and meibomian gland changes in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome","volume":"45","author":"Ulutas","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Fr. Ophtalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358_bib71","article-title":"The pathophysiology of keratoconus","author":"Vought","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.05.007","article-title":"Calpains as mechanistic drivers and therapeutic targets for ocular disease","volume":"28","author":"Vu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2691","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-019-04490-0","article-title":"The effect of estrogen and progesterone on porcine corneal biomechanical properties","volume":"257","author":"Walter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S282869","article-title":"Patients with obstructive sleep apnea have altered levels of four cytokines associated with cardiovascular and kidney disease, but near normal levels with airways therapy","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Sci. Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-022-00463-x","article-title":"Gestational hypoxia in late pregnancy differentially programs subcortical brain maturation in male and female rat offspring","volume":"13","author":"Wilson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol. Sex Differ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.888644","article-title":"Causal analysis between altered levels of interleukins and obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"13","author":"Yi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.65.10.36","article-title":"Gene\u2012environment interaction between cast gene and eye-rubbing in the Chinese keratoconus cohort study: a case-only study","volume":"65","author":"Yin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.3390\/pediatric15040066","article-title":"Pediatric ocular health and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: a review","volume":"15","author":"Zaffanello","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22010114","article-title":"Mechanisms of reciprocal regulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-Producing and immune systems: the role of GnRH, cytokines and their receptors in early ontogenesis in normal and pathological conditions","volume":"22","author":"Zakharova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."}],"container-title":["Experimental Eye Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014483525001290?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014483525001290?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T04:10:23Z","timestamp":1778040623000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0014483525001290"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"references-count":79,"alternative-id":["S0014483525001290"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358","relation":{},"ISSN":["0014-4835"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0014-4835","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Chronic intermittent hypoxia modulates corneal fibrotic markers and inflammatory cytokine expression in a sex-dependent manner","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Experimental Eye Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110358","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"110358"}}