{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T17:50:55Z","timestamp":1786989055946,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015434","name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015434","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Eye Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110501","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T11:47:50Z","timestamp":1751024870000},"page":"110501","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Advancements in strabismus diagnosis: A comprehensive systematic review of artificial intelligence and digital health applications"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"258","author":[{"given":"Zhale","family":"Rajavi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Firouze","family":"Hatami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sina","family":"Khosravi Mirzaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Lateef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zahra","family":"Khorrami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hemn Baghban","family":"Jaldian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azadeh","family":"Haseli- Mofrad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kourosh","family":"Sheibani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahdi","family":"Yazdanpanah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Hasan","family":"Shahriari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamideh","family":"Sabbaghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110501_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2639","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S378777","article-title":"Comparative validation of plusoptiX and AI-optic photoscreeners in children with high amblyopia risk factor prevalence","volume":"16","author":"Arnold","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110501_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e248","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000001451","article-title":"Development and preliminary validation of a virtual reality approach for measurement of torsional strabismus","volume":"42","author":"Bindiganavale","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neuro Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110501_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/S1091-8531(00)90005-3","article-title":"Why does early surgical alignment improve stereoacuity outcomes in infantile esotropia?","volume":"4","author":"Birch","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. AAPOS."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110501_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.3109\/09273970903234032","article-title":"Pattern recognition of vertical strabismus using an artificial neural network (StrabNet\u00a9)","volume":"17","author":"Chandna","year":"2009","journal-title":"Strabismus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110501_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7692198","article-title":"Strabismus recognition using eye-tracking data and convolutional neural networks","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Healthc. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110501_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-021-01902-w","article-title":"A smartphone ocular alignment measurement app in school screening for strabismus","volume":"21","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110501_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(00)00377-8","article-title":"Strabismus examination by telemedicine","volume":"107","author":"Cheung","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110501_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2008.08.031","article-title":"Fixation preference and visual acuity testing in a population-based cohort of preschool children with amblyopia risk factors","volume":"116","author":"Cotter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110501_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1258\/1357633021937361","article-title":"The role of telemedicine in the assessment of strabismus","volume":"8","author":"Dawson","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Telemed. Telecare"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110501_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2011.11.001","article-title":"Computational methodology for automatic detection of strabismus in digital images through hirschberg test","volume":"42","author":"De Almeida","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110501_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1007\/s10278-014-9758-0","article-title":"Computer-aided methodology for syndromic strabismus diagnosis","volume":"28","author":"De Almeida","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Digit. Imaging."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110501_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.10.7.22","article-title":"Strabismus and artificial intelligence app: optimizing diagnostic and accuracy","volume":"10","author":"de Figueiredo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110501_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_1675_20","article-title":"Pivoting to teleconsultation for paediatric ophthalmology and strabismus: our experience during COVID-19 times","volume":"68","author":"Deshmukh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110501_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-007-0212-z","article-title":"The differential diagnosis of vertical strabismus from prism cover test data using an artificially intelligent expert system","volume":"45","author":"Fisher","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med. Biol. Eng. Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110501_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2021.1916038","article-title":"Evaluation of a hirschberg test-based application for measuring ocular alignment and detecting strabismus","volume":"46","author":"Garcia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110501_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.12928\/telkomnika.v20i6.24232","article-title":"An intelligent strabismus detection method based on convolution neural network","volume":"20","author":"Hamid","year":"2022","journal-title":"TELKOMNIKA (Telecommun. Comput. Electron. Control)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110501_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1080\/09273972.2019.1604773","article-title":"Global and regional prevalence of strabismus: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Hashemi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Strabismus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110501_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1067\/mpa.2001.118214","article-title":"Telemedicine: strabismus e-consultation","volume":"5","author":"Helveston","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. AAPOS."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110501_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1089\/tmj.2007.0086","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of strabismus using telemedicine","volume":"14","author":"Helveston","year":"2008","journal-title":"Telemed. J. e Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110501_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2020.11.016","article-title":"Evaluation of high-definition video smart glasses for real-time telemedicine strabismus consultations","volume":"25","author":"Ho","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. AAPOS."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110501_bib21","article-title":"An automatic screening method for strabismus detection based on image processing","volume":"16","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110501_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0269365","article-title":"An improved strabismus screening method with combination of meta-learning and image processing under data scarcity","volume":"17","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110501_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2023.103805","article-title":"A new method based on deep learning and image processing for detection of strabismus with the hirschberg test","volume":"44","author":"Karaaslan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110501_bib24","series-title":"2021 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Information and Communication (ICAIIC)","article-title":"Strabismus classification using convolutional neural networks","author":"Kim","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110501_bib25","article-title":"Real time eye detector with cascaded convolutional neural networks","volume":"2018","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Comput. Intell. Soft Comput"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110501_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2020.100900","article-title":"Digital technology, tele-medicine and artificial intelligence in ophthalmology: a global perspective","volume":"82","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110501_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3927","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S392862","article-title":"Evaluation of streamed hardware-to-software telemedicine strabismus consultations utilizing video glasses","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110501_bib28","article-title":"Automated strabismus detection for telemedicine applications","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv preprint arXiv:1809.02940"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110501_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-20-5442","article-title":"An artificial intelligence platform for the diagnosis and surgical planning of strabismus using corneal light-reflection photos","volume":"9","author":"Mao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110501_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2019.105132","article-title":"Virtual reality-based measurement of ocular deviation in strabismus","volume":"185","author":"Miao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Programs Biomed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110501_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2007.08.001","article-title":"Prevalence of amblyopia and strabismus in African American and Hispanic children ages 6 to 72 months: the multi-ethnic pediatric eye disease study","volume":"115","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110501_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2045","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_2912_20","article-title":"Effectiveness of kanna photoscreener in detecting amblyopia risk factors","volume":"69","author":"Murali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110501_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2017.12.020","article-title":"Effectiveness of the GoCheck kids vision screener in detecting amblyopia risk factors","volume":"187","author":"Peterseim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110501_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.8.2.9","article-title":"Validation of StrabisPIX, a Mobile application for home measurement of ocular alignment","volume":"8","author":"Phanphruk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110501_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-020-05066-z","article-title":"Validation of the 2WIN corneal reflexes app in children","volume":"259","author":"Racano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110501_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optom.2014.06.003","article-title":"Designing a new test for contrast sensitivity function measurement with iPad","volume":"8","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Vallejo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Opt."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110501_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1177\/1357633X19864823","article-title":"Video interpretation and diagnosis of pediatric amblyopia and eye disease","volume":"27","author":"Sabri","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Telemed. Telecare"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110501_bib37","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015: elaboration and explanation","volume":"350","author":"Shamseer","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110501_bib38","series-title":"2019 8th Brazilian Conference on Intelligent Systems (BRACIS)","article-title":"Automatic ocular alignment evaluation for strabismus detection using U-NET and ResNet networks","author":"Simoes","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110501_bib40","first-page":"1157","article-title":"Reliability of telemedicine for real-time paediatric ophthalmology consultations","volume":"106","author":"Stewart","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110501_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optom.2022.09.005","article-title":"Characterization of technologies in digital health applied in vision care","volume":"15","author":"Stuermer","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Opt."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110501_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2021.104527","article-title":"A mhealth application for automated detection and diagnosis of strabismus","volume":"153","author":"Ten\u00f3rio Albuquerque Madruga Mesquita","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Inform."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110501_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2017.01.002","article-title":"Automatic diagnosis of strabismus in digital videos through cover test","volume":"140","author":"Valente","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Programs Biomed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110501_bib44","first-page":"64","article-title":"Artificial intelligence techniques for automatic screening of amblyogenic factors","volume":"106","author":"Van Eenwyk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trans. Am. Ophthalmol. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110501_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2019.10.007","article-title":"Effectiveness of the iPhone GoCheck kids smartphone vision screener in detecting amblyopia risk factors","volume":"24","author":"Walker","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. AAPOS."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110501_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.10.007","article-title":"Esotropia and exotropia preferred practice pattern\u00ae","volume":"125","author":"Wallace","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110501_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-155-8-201110180-00009","article-title":"QUADAS-2: a revised tool for the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies","volume":"155","author":"Whiting","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110501_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-021-02016-z","article-title":"To measure the amount of ocular deviation in strabismus patients with an eye-tracking virtual reality headset","volume":"21","author":"Yeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110501_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.12.018","article-title":"Automated diagnosis and measurement of strabismus in children","volume":"213","author":"Yehezkel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110501_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.3390\/app9040731","article-title":"Intelligent evaluation of strabismus in videos based on an automated cover test","volume":"9","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110501_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.10.1.33","article-title":"Detection of referable horizontal strabismus in children's primary gaze photographs using deep learning","volume":"10","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol."}],"container-title":["Experimental Eye Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014483525002726?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014483525002726?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T02:28:38Z","timestamp":1778898518000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0014483525002726"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"references-count":51,"alternative-id":["S0014483525002726"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110501","relation":{},"ISSN":["0014-4835"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0014-4835","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Advancements in strabismus diagnosis: A comprehensive systematic review of artificial intelligence and digital health applications","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Experimental Eye Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110501","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"110501"}}