{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T17:40:59Z","timestamp":1783705259906,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"FAPESP","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023\/12643-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023\/12643-5"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Eye Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110704","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T06:55:11Z","timestamp":1761116111000},"page":"110704","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Air pollution and the eye: A hypothesis to neural damage"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"262","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4451-9712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monique","family":"Matsuda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian S.","family":"Mudway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110704_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/493894","article-title":"Health and cellular impacts of air pollutants: from cytoprotection to cytotoxicity","volume":"2012","author":"Andreau","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochem Res Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110704_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-024-03304-3","article-title":"Imaging the eye as a window to brain health: frontier approaches and future directions","volume":"21","author":"Banna","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110704_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e489","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30488-5","article-title":"The lancet global health commission on global eye health: vision beyond 2020","volume":"9","author":"Burton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Global Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110704_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1136\/jim-2019-001007","article-title":"Traffic-related air pollutants increase the risk for age-related macular degeneration","volume":"67","author":"Chang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Invest. Med."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110704_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16193652","article-title":"Global associations of air pollution and conjunctivitis diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110704_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.15.7","article-title":"The association of ambient air pollution with cataract surgery in UK biobank participants: prospective cohort study","volume":"62","author":"Chua","year":"2021","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110704_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.5.32","article-title":"Ambient air pollution associations with retinal morphology in the UK biobank","volume":"61","author":"Chua","year":"2020","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110704_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4915","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.19-28346","article-title":"The relationship between ambient atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and glaucoma in a large community cohort","volume":"60","author":"Chua","year":"2019","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110704_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2020-316218","article-title":"Association of ambient air pollution with age-related macular degeneration and retinal thickness in UK biobank","volume":"106","author":"Chua","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110704_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2025.05.031","article-title":"Association between long-term ambient air pollution and primary open-angle glaucoma: a nationwide cohort study in Taiwan","volume":"277","author":"Chuang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110704_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5734","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25115734","article-title":"The ocular glymphatic system-current understanding and future perspectives","volume":"25","author":"Delle","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110704_bib12","first-page":"33","article-title":"Unraveling the fundamentals of air pollutants","volume":"vol. 134","author":"Etim","year":"2024"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110704_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242115834","article-title":"Potential retinal biomarkers in alzheimer's disease","volume":"31","author":"Garc\u00eda-Berm\u00fadez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110704_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.116364","article-title":"Association of long-term exposure to ambient air pollution with retinal neurodegeneration: the prospective alienor study","volume":"232","author":"Gayraud","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110704_bib15","article-title":"Ambient air pollution exposure and incidence of cataract surgery: the prospective 3City-Alienor study","author":"Gayraud","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110704_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.63.9.17","article-title":"Ambient air pollution and age-related eye disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"63","author":"Grant","year":"2022","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110704_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-023-00558-2","article-title":"Acute and continuous exposure of airborne fine particulate matter (PM","volume":"20","author":"Gu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Part. Fibre Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110704_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.566428","article-title":"Neurodegenerative disorders of the eye and of the brain: a perspective on their fluid-dynamical connections and the potential of mechanism-driven modeling","volume":"14","author":"Guidoboni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110704_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.909330","article-title":"Impact of air pollution on the ocular surface and tear cytokine levels: a multicenter prospective cohort study","volume":"9","author":"Hao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110704_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1265\/ehpm.22-00237","article-title":"Joint effects of meteorological factors and PM","volume":"28","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Health Prev. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110704_bib21","first-page":"1","article-title":"Management of refractory glaucoma, a new surgical paradigm: review of the literature","author":"Heintz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110704_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xops.2022.100195","article-title":"Association of environmental factors with age-related macular degeneration using the intelligent research in sight registry","volume":"2","author":"Hunt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110704_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2023.08.010","article-title":"Air pollution, glymphatic impairment, and alzheimer's disease","volume":"46","author":"Hussain","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110704_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2016.0139","article-title":"Potential importance of ozone in the association between outdoor air pollution and dry eye disease in South Korea","volume":"134","author":"Hwang","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110704_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4766","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20064766","article-title":"Particulate matter elevates ocular inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum stress in human retinal pigmented epithelium cells","volume":"20","author":"Jeong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110704_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.169145","article-title":"Association of long-term ozone air pollution and age-related macular degeneration in older Chinese population","volume":"912","author":"Jia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"Pt A","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110704_bib27","article-title":"Long-term exposure to ambient air pollutants and age-related macular degeneration in middle-aged and older adults","volume":"204","author":"Ju","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110704_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1080\/15569527.2022.2122489","article-title":"Particulate matter 2.5 promotes inflammation and cellular dysfunction via reactive oxygen species\/p38 MAPK pathway in primary rat corneal epithelial cells","volume":"41","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cutan. Ocul. Toxicol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110704_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2017.09.018","article-title":"Physicochemical properties of mucus and their impact on transmucosal drug delivery","volume":"532","author":"Leal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110704_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10020149","article-title":"Urban aerosol particulate matter promotes necrosis and autophagy via reactive oxygen species-mediated cellular disorders that are accompanied by cell cycle arrest in retinal pigment epithelial cells","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110704_bib31","series-title":"Adler's Physiology of the Eye","author":"Levin","year":"2011"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110704_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2004.06.005","article-title":"Trigeminal uptake and clearance of inhaled manganese chloride in rats and mice","volume":"26","author":"Lewis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110704_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2024.143882","article-title":"Elevated serum uric acid levels mediate the associations of ambient PM","volume":"369","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110704_bib34","article-title":"Exploring association between ambient air pollution and glaucoma in China: a nationwide analysis with predictive modeling based on the China health and retirement longitudinal study","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110704_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118052","article-title":"Associations of long-term joint exposure to multiple ambient air pollutants with the incidence of age-related eye diseases","volume":"294","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"issue":"34","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110704_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51942","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-19278-9","article-title":"Fine particulate matter measured by satellites predicts the risk of age-related macular degeneration in a longitudinal cohort study","volume":"29","author":"Liang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"issue":"Pt 4","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110704_bib37","article-title":"Health impacts and spatiotemporal variations of fine particulate and its typical toxic constituents in five urban agglomerations of China","volume":"806","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110704_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-021-00630-6","article-title":"Air pollution and meteorological conditions significantly contribute to the worsening of allergic conjunctivitis: a regional 20-city, 5-year study in Northeast China","volume":"10","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Light Sci. Appl."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110704_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.03.045","article-title":"Five-Year outcomes with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration: the comparison of age-related macular degeneration treatments trials","volume":"123","author":"Maguire","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"39","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110704_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10797","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1605941113","article-title":"Magnetite pollution nanoparticles in the human brain","volume":"113","author":"Maher","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110704_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0143131","article-title":"Lacrimal cytokines assessment in subjects exposed to different levels of ambient air pollution in a large metropolitan area","volume":"10","author":"Matsuda","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110704_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2019.107889","article-title":"Occupational effect of sugarcane biomass burning on the conjunctival mucin profile of harvest workers and residents of an adjacent town - a Brazilian panel study","volume":"190","author":"Matsuda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110704_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4542","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.6b08551","article-title":"Inhaled nanoparticles accumulate at sites of vascular disease","volume":"11","author":"Miller","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110704_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.11.109","article-title":"Impacts of air pollution on dry eye disease among residents in Hangzhou, China: a case-crossover study","volume":"246","author":"Mo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110704_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.10363","article-title":"Ambient levels of air pollution induce goblet-cell hyperplasia in human conjunctival epithelium","volume":"115","author":"Novaes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110704_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2010.03.003","article-title":"The effects of chronic exposure to traffic derived air pollution on the ocular surface","volume":"110","author":"Novaes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"6\u20137","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110704_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1080\/08958370490439597","article-title":"Translocation of inhaled ultrafine particles to the brain","volume":"16","author":"Oberd\u00f6rster","year":"2004","journal-title":"Inhal. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110704_bib48","article-title":"Evaluation the in vivo behaviors of PM","volume":"339","author":"Pan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110704_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.108960","article-title":"Association between air pollution exposure and diabetic retinopathy among diabetics","volume":"181","author":"Pan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110704_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3182820d60","article-title":"Biomass stoves and lens opacity and cataract in Nepalese women","volume":"90","author":"Pokhrel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"issue":"31","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110704_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13636","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.4c01791","article-title":"Enhanced intrusion of exogenous airborne fine particles toward eyes in humans and animals: where damaged blood-ocular barrier plays a crucial role","volume":"58","author":"Qi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"26","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110704_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2117083119","article-title":"Passage of exogeneous fine particles from the lung into the brain in humans and animals","volume":"119","author":"Qi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110704_bib53","article-title":"Accurate PM","volume":"364","author":"Rakholia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110704_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2004.015636","article-title":"Ocular morbidity and fuel use: an experience from India","volume":"62","author":"Saha","year":"2005","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110704_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-56973-z","article-title":"Levels of Polonium-210 in brain and pulmonary tissues: preliminary study in autopsies conducted in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil","volume":"10","author":"Santos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110704_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3402\/gha.v7.25326","article-title":"Disease burden due to biomass cooking-fuel-related household air pollution among women in India","volume":"7","author":"Sehgal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob. Health Action"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110704_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0317436","article-title":"Exposure to air pollutants contributes to increased rate of neovascular age-related macular degeneration in Israel","volume":"20","author":"Sela","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110704_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106568","article-title":"Association between long-term exposure to fine particulate matter and diabetic retinopathy among diabetic patients: a national cross-sectional study in China","volume":"154","author":"Shan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110704_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2022.153140","article-title":"Necroptosis contributes to airborne particulate matter-induced ocular surface injury","volume":"470","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110704_bib60","article-title":"Association between PM","volume":"18","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110704_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.65.12.22","article-title":"Association of ambient air pollution exposure with incident Glaucoma: 12-Year evidence from the UK biobank cohort","volume":"65","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110704_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4759","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10541","article-title":"Diesel exhaust particles selectively induce both proinflammatory cytokines and mucin production in cornea and conjunctiva human cell lines","volume":"54","author":"Tau","year":"2013","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110704_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10204666","article-title":"Updates on the current treatments for diabetic retinopathy and possibility of future oral therapy","volume":"10","author":"Tomita","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110704_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E11","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e31825e845d","article-title":"Correlation between signs and symptoms of ocular surface dysfunction and tear osmolarity with ambient levels of air pollution in a large metropolitan area","volume":"32","author":"Torricelli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110704_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231710139","article-title":"Ocular lymphatic and glymphatic systems: implications for retinal health and disease","volume":"23","author":"Uddin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110704_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.103994","article-title":"Air pollution and risk of chronic obstructed pulmonary disease: the modifying effect of genetic susceptibility and lifestyle","volume":"79","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110704_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2025.03.009","article-title":"Associations between ambient air pollution and five common vision-threatening ocular diseases in middle-aged and older adults: a large prospective cohort Study","volume":"274","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110704_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2024.109193","article-title":"Ambient fine particulate matter provokes multiple modalities of cell death via perturbation of subcellular structures","volume":"195","author":"W\u0101ng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110704_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-024-03465-y","article-title":"Association between ambient air pollution and age-related macular degeneration: a meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110704_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2021.113858","article-title":"The association between long-term exposure to ambient fine particulate matter and glaucoma: a nation-wide epidemiological study among Chinese adults","volume":"238","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg Environ. Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110704_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-025-04224-6","article-title":"Long-term exposure to multiple air pollutants and multi-level socioeconomic status: joint effects on age-related macular degeneration, subsequent ocular comorbidity, and death in middle-aged and older adults","volume":"23","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110704_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2022.02.001","article-title":"Photoreceptor layer thinning is an early biomarker for age-related macular degeneration: Epidemiologic and genetic evidence from UK biobank OCT data","volume":"129","author":"Zekavat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110704_bib74","article-title":"Ozone exposure and increased risk of age-related macular degeneration: evidence from nationwide cohort and toxicological studies","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Innovation"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110704_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000003277","article-title":"The impact of air pollution on acute angle-closure glaucoma in hefei, China, 2017-2022: a time-series study","volume":"67","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110704_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.938089","article-title":"In vitro model systems for studies into retinal neuroprotection","volume":"16","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110704_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2024.116459","article-title":"Association between long-term exposure to air pollution and diabetic retinopathy: evidence from the Fujian Eye study","volume":"279","author":"Zuo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."}],"container-title":["Experimental Eye Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014483525004774?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014483525004774?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T08:37:11Z","timestamp":1781253431000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0014483525004774"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":76,"alternative-id":["S0014483525004774"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110704","relation":{},"ISSN":["0014-4835"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0014-4835","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Air pollution and the eye: A hypothesis to neural damage","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Experimental Eye Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110704","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"110704"}}